Potential Use of Rendering Mortar Waste Powder as a Cement Replacement Material: Fresh, Mechanical, Durability and Microstructural Properties
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Cement
2.1.1. Fine Aggregate
2.1.2. Rendering Mortar Waste Powder (RMWP)
2.1.3. Water
2.1.4. Superplasticizer
2.2. Mix Proportions
2.3. Mixing and Curing Procedures
2.4. Experimental Tests
2.4.1. Flow Rate
2.4.2. Compressive Strength
2.4.3. Flexural Strength
2.4.4. Water Absorption and Bulk Density
2.4.5. Ultrasonic Pulse Velocity and Dynamic Elastic Modulus
2.4.6. Electrical Resistivity
- L: The height of the specimen in cm.
- A: The cross-sectional area of the specimen (in cm2).
- R: The impedance.
- ER: The electrical resistivity (Ω·cm).
2.4.7. Microstructure Studies
2.4.8. Life Cycle Assessment (LCA)
- The final target is the production of 1 m3 of mortar.
- The 100-year Global Warming Potential (GWP) of mortars with different content of RMWP was calculated.
- In this research, the normalization approach was used as not all the mixtures have the same compressive strength. The normalization was performed based on the GWP impact per MPa of the compressive strength of the mortar at 28 days and 56 days.
3. Results and Discussions
3.1. Flow Rate
3.2. Compressive Strength
3.3. Flexural Strength
3.4. Bulk Density
3.5. Ultrasonic Pulse Velocity
3.6. Dynamic Modulus of Elasticity
3.7. Electrical Resistivity
3.8. Water Absorption
3.9. Microstructural Analysis
3.10. Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) Results
4. Conclusions
- At replacement ratios of less than 10% and greater than 20%, the RMWP enhanced the fresh mortar’s flowability marginally, while at 15% content, it decreased it by 7%.
- The RMWP caused a decline in the compressive strength of the mortar. However, the decrease in strength was partially recovered after 56 days compared to 28 days. The lowest reduction in compressive strength was recorded for the RMWP15 mixture, 17.47% lower than the reference mortar.
- The partial recovery of compressive strength after 56 compared to the 28 days gives the impression of the possibility of greater strength improvement (greater recovery) over time. However, a comprehensive study that includes late ages, such as 180 days or longer, is recommended to verify this.
- In terms of flexural strength, up to 15%, it was almost unaffected by RMWP use. After that, however, the strength dropped with the rise of the RMWP content.
- The replacement of cement with RMWP resulted in a decrease in ultrasonic pulse velocity, bulk density, and dynamic modulus of elasticity. Among the RMWP variations, RMWP15 showed the lowest decreasing rates of 4.09%, 4.13%, and 11.85%, respectively.
- At a low content of RMWP (10%), the electrical resistance decreased, but it was the same as the reference mixture at RMWP15. However, for higher replacement ratios, it improved by 6.50 to 12.84%.
- Water absorption levels are comparable (or slightly lower) to the control sample, up to a 15% RMWP residue. However, at a 20% or higher ratio, the absorption increases proportionally with the RMWP content.
- The use of RMWP in place of cement at a ratio of 15% densified the microstructure of the mortar and made it more homogenous compared to plain mortar.
- Replacing the cement partially with RMWP resulted in a reduction in the GWP of mortars.
- When the compressive strength (MPa) of mortars was used in the calculation of the optimum mixtures, results indicated that mortar with 15% RMWP provided the lowest GWP per MPa.
- In summary, to promote sustainability, it is possible to use RMWP as a substitute for cement at a rate of 15% with approximately a 17% reduction in compressive strength and an equal or slight improvement in durability properties to produce eco-friendly mortar.
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
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Oxide | Content, % | |
---|---|---|
RMWP | Cement | |
SiO2 | 49.11 | 16.91 |
CaO | 20.85 | 60.51 |
Fe2O3 | 1.387 | 4.360 |
Al2O3 | 2.475 | 3.194 |
SO3 | 2.282 | 3.146 |
MgO | 0.6456 | 2.479 |
Na2O | 1.227 | 1.429 |
K2O | 0.892 | 0.495 |
TiO2 | 0.1244 | --- |
Sieve Opening (mm) | Accumulative Passing, % | Iraqi Standard Limits |
---|---|---|
4.75 | 94 | 90–100 |
2.36 | 82 | 75–100 |
1.18 | 69 | 55–90 |
0.60 | 43 | 35–59 |
0.30 | 12 | 8–30 |
0.15 | 1 | 0–10 |
Mix Designation | Cement | RMWP | Sand | Superplasticizer | Water/Binder |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Control | 1 | 0.0 | 2.75 | 0.007 | 0.45 |
RMWP10 | 0.90 | 0.10 | 2.75 | 0.007 | 0.45 |
RMWP15 | 0.85 | 0.15 | 2.75 | 0.007 | 0.45 |
RMWP20 | 0.80 | 0.20 | 2.75 | 0.007 | 0.45 |
RMWP25 | 0.75 | 0.25 | 2.75 | 0.007 | 0.45 |
RMWP30 | 0.70 | 0.30 | 2.75 | 0.007 | 0.45 |
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Abadel, A.A.; Nasr, M.S.; Shubbar, A.; Hashim, T.M.; Tuladhar, R. Potential Use of Rendering Mortar Waste Powder as a Cement Replacement Material: Fresh, Mechanical, Durability and Microstructural Properties. Sustainability 2023, 15, 11659. https://doi.org/10.3390/su151511659
Abadel AA, Nasr MS, Shubbar A, Hashim TM, Tuladhar R. Potential Use of Rendering Mortar Waste Powder as a Cement Replacement Material: Fresh, Mechanical, Durability and Microstructural Properties. Sustainability. 2023; 15(15):11659. https://doi.org/10.3390/su151511659
Chicago/Turabian StyleAbadel, Aref A., Mohammed Salah Nasr, Ali Shubbar, Tameem Mohammed Hashim, and Rabin Tuladhar. 2023. "Potential Use of Rendering Mortar Waste Powder as a Cement Replacement Material: Fresh, Mechanical, Durability and Microstructural Properties" Sustainability 15, no. 15: 11659. https://doi.org/10.3390/su151511659
APA StyleAbadel, A. A., Nasr, M. S., Shubbar, A., Hashim, T. M., & Tuladhar, R. (2023). Potential Use of Rendering Mortar Waste Powder as a Cement Replacement Material: Fresh, Mechanical, Durability and Microstructural Properties. Sustainability, 15(15), 11659. https://doi.org/10.3390/su151511659