Figure 1.
Bamboo structures in China. (a) The Fish-Shaped Bamboo Pavilion. (b) Bamboo dwelling.
Figure 1.
Bamboo structures in China. (a) The Fish-Shaped Bamboo Pavilion. (b) Bamboo dwelling.
Figure 2.
Three kinds of bamboo in this study. (a) UT. (b) CT. (c) HT.
Figure 2.
Three kinds of bamboo in this study. (a) UT. (b) CT. (c) HT.
Figure 3.
Measured parameters of Moso bamboo culm.
Figure 3.
Measured parameters of Moso bamboo culm.
Figure 4.
Measurement procedure. (a) Measure length. (b) Measure diameter. (c) Measure thickness. (d) Measure perimeter. (e) Weigh.
Figure 4.
Measurement procedure. (a) Measure length. (b) Measure diameter. (c) Measure thickness. (d) Measure perimeter. (e) Weigh.
Figure 5.
Comparison of diameter obtained from different methods. (a) Smaller end. (b) Larger end.
Figure 5.
Comparison of diameter obtained from different methods. (a) Smaller end. (b) Larger end.
Figure 6.
Compression test apparatus. (a) UT. (b) CT. (c) HT.
Figure 6.
Compression test apparatus. (a) UT. (b) CT. (c) HT.
Figure 7.
Distribution of .
Figure 7.
Distribution of .
Figure 8.
Distribution of the wall thickness . (a) UT-60. (b) UT-75. (c) UT-90. (d) UT-105. (e) UT-120. (f) CT-60. (g) CT-75. (h) CT-90. (i) CT-105. (j) CT-120. (k) HT-60. (l) HT-75. (m) HT-90. (n) HT-105.
Figure 8.
Distribution of the wall thickness . (a) UT-60. (b) UT-75. (c) UT-90. (d) UT-105. (e) UT-120. (f) CT-60. (g) CT-75. (h) CT-90. (i) CT-105. (j) CT-120. (k) HT-60. (l) HT-75. (m) HT-90. (n) HT-105.
Figure 9.
Comparison of the characteristic wall thickness.
Figure 9.
Comparison of the characteristic wall thickness.
Figure 10.
Distribution of the external taper. (a) UT-60. (b) UT-75. (c) UT-90. (d) UT-105. (e) UT-120. (f) CT-60. (g) CT-75. (h) CT-90. (i) CT-105. (j) CT-120. (k) HT-60. (l) HT-75. (m) HT-90. (n) HT-105.
Figure 10.
Distribution of the external taper. (a) UT-60. (b) UT-75. (c) UT-90. (d) UT-105. (e) UT-120. (f) CT-60. (g) CT-75. (h) CT-90. (i) CT-105. (j) CT-120. (k) HT-60. (l) HT-75. (m) HT-90. (n) HT-105.
Figure 11.
Distribution of the internal taper. (a) UT-60. (b) UT-75. (c) UT-90. (d) UT-105. (e) UT-120. (f) CT-60. (g) CT-75. (h) CT-90. (i) CT-105. (j) CT-120. (k) HT-60. (l) HT-75. (m) HT-90. (n) HT-105.
Figure 11.
Distribution of the internal taper. (a) UT-60. (b) UT-75. (c) UT-90. (d) UT-105. (e) UT-120. (f) CT-60. (g) CT-75. (h) CT-90. (i) CT-105. (j) CT-120. (k) HT-60. (l) HT-75. (m) HT-90. (n) HT-105.
Figure 12.
Comparison of the characteristic external and internal taper. (a) External taper. (b) Internal taper.
Figure 12.
Comparison of the characteristic external and internal taper. (a) External taper. (b) Internal taper.
Figure 13.
Comparison of the characteristic linear mass and nominal density. (a) Linear mass. (b) Nominal density.
Figure 13.
Comparison of the characteristic linear mass and nominal density. (a) Linear mass. (b) Nominal density.
Figure 14.
Scatterplot of the minimum external diameter against compressive strength.
Figure 14.
Scatterplot of the minimum external diameter against compressive strength.
Figure 15.
Prediction band and ellipse band analysis for identifying the outlier and extreme values of compression strength. (a) UT. (b) CT. (c) HT.
Figure 15.
Prediction band and ellipse band analysis for identifying the outlier and extreme values of compression strength. (a) UT. (b) CT. (c) HT.
Figure 16.
Comparison of the characteristic compressive strength.
Figure 16.
Comparison of the characteristic compressive strength.
Table 1.
Grades of Moso bamboo culms based on their minimum external diameter.
Table 1.
Grades of Moso bamboo culms based on their minimum external diameter.
Grade | |
---|
Φ60 | |
Φ75 | |
Φ90 | |
Φ105 | |
Φ120 | |
Table 2.
The statistical value of and .
Table 2.
The statistical value of and .
Name | | |
---|
Avg. | Var. | CV | Avg. | Var. | CV |
---|
UT | 1.006 | 0.00036 | 0.019 | 1.008 | 0.00048 | 0.022 |
CT | 1.005 | 0.00011 | 0.011 | 1.006 | 0.00009 | 0.009 |
HT | 1.007 | 0.00010 | 0.010 | 1.007 | 0.00035 | 0.019 |
Table 3.
Statistics of the wall thickness after Bootstrap sampling (mm).
Table 3.
Statistics of the wall thickness after Bootstrap sampling (mm).
Name | Grade | Bootstrap Sampling Times |
---|
100 | 500 | 1000 | 2000 | 5000 | 10,000 |
---|
Avg. | Var. | Avg. | Var. | Avg. | Var. | Avg. | Var. | Avg. | Var. | Avg. | Var. |
---|
UT | UT-60 | 8.48 | 0.1248 | 8.48 | 0.1111 | 8.48 | 0.1094 | 8.48 | 0.1060 | 8.48 | 0.1098 | 8.48 | 0.1068 |
UT-75 | 8.95 | 0.0306 | 8.95 | 0.0317 | 8.96 | 0.0328 | 8.95 | 0.0337 | 8.95 | 0.0324 | 8.95 | 0.0334 |
UT-90 | 9.96 | 0.0208 | 9.96 | 0.0304 | 9.98 | 0.0302 | 9.97 | 0.0289 | 9.97 | 0.0291 | 9.96 | 0.0287 |
UT-105 | 10.38 | 0.0115 | 10.40 | 0.0135 | 10.39 | 0.0126 | 10.39 | 0.0126 | 10.39 | 0.0128 | 10.39 | 0.0129 |
UT-120 | 11.23 | 0.0517 | 11.19 | 0.0511 | 11.18 | 0.0511 | 11.20 | 0.0529 | 11.20 | 0.0519 | 11.20 | 0.0515 |
CT | CT-60 | 6.68 | 0.1150 | 6.68 | 0.0957 | 6.68 | 0.0944 | 6.69 | 0.0941 | 6.68 | 0.0980 | 6.68 | 0.0982 |
CT-75 | 7.78 | 0.0176 | 7.75 | 0.0161 | 7.75 | 0.0175 | 7.76 | 0.0171 | 7.75 | 0.0178 | 7.75 | 0.0177 |
CT-90 | 8.44 | 0.0094 | 8.45 | 0.0097 | 8.46 | 0.0097 | 8.45 | 0.0097 | 8.45 | 0.0096 | 8.45 | 0.0096 |
CT-105 | 9.55 | 0.0139 | 9.55 | 0.0102 | 9.55 | 0.0109 | 9.55 | 0.0101 | 9.55 | 0.0103 | 9.55 | 0.0103 |
CT-120 | 11.26 | 0.0616 | 11.28 | 0.0574 | 11.26 | 0.0592 | 11.28 | 0.0622 | 11.28 | 0.0646 | 11.28 | 0.0609 |
HT | HT-60 | 5.82 | 0.0068 | 5.81 | 0.0073 | 5.82 | 0.0072 | 5.81 | 0.0072 | 5.82 | 0.0074 | 5.81 | 0.0075 |
HT-75 | 6.62 | 0.0144 | 6.63 | 0.0134 | 6.63 | 0.0135 | 6.63 | 0.0123 | 6.62 | 0.0126 | 6.63 | 0.0126 |
HT-90 | 7.52 | 0.0204 | 7.51 | 0.0088 | 7.52 | 0.0092 | 7.52 | 0.0085 | 7.52 | 0.0091 | 7.52 | 0.0088 |
HT-105 | 8.93 | 0.0227 | 8.93 | 0.0281 | 8.94 | 0.0257 | 8.95 | 0.0275 | 8.94 | 0.0276 | 8.94 | 0.0272 |
Table 4.
Statistical results of the wall thickness (mm).
Table 4.
Statistical results of the wall thickness (mm).
Name | Grade | Expected Value | Standard Deviation | Characteristic Value |
---|
UT | UT-60 | 8.48 | 0.33 | 7.9 |
UT-75 | 8.95 | 0.18 | 8.7 |
UT-90 | 9.97 | 0.17 | 9.7 |
UT-105 | 10.40 | 0.11 | 10.2 |
UT-120 | 11.20 | 0.23 | 10.8 |
CT | CT-60 | 6.68 | 0.31 | 6.2 |
CT-75 | 7.75 | 0.13 | 7.5 |
CT-90 | 8.45 | 0.10 | 8.3 |
CT-105 | 9.55 | 0.10 | 9.4 |
CT-120 | 11.28 | 0.25 | 10.9 |
HT | HT-60 | 5.82 | 0.08 | 5.7 |
HT-75 | 6.62 | 0.11 | 6.4 |
HT-90 | 7.52 | 0.10 | 7.3 |
HT-105 | 8.94 | 0.17 | 8.7 |
Table 5.
Treatment factor of the wall thickness TFt,i.
Table 5.
Treatment factor of the wall thickness TFt,i.
| Grade | 60 | 75 | 90 | 105 | 120 |
---|
Name | |
---|
UT | 1.000 | 1.000 | 1.000 | 1.000 | 1.000 |
CT | 0.785 | 0.862 | 0.856 | 0.922 | 1.009 |
HT | 0.722 | 0.736 | 0.753 | 0.853 | / |
Table 6.
Normal distribution fitting results of external taper (%) after 5000 times Bootstrap sampling.
Table 6.
Normal distribution fitting results of external taper (%) after 5000 times Bootstrap sampling.
Name | Grade | Expected Value | Standard Deviation | Characteristic Value |
---|
UT | UT-60 | 0.30 | 0.03 | 0.36 |
UT-75 | 0.46 | 0.03 | 0.50 |
UT-90 | 0.56 | 0.01 | 0.58 |
UT-105 | 0.67 | 0.03 | 0.72 |
UT-120 | 0.81 | 0.05 | 0.89 |
CT | CT-60 | 0.48 | 0.04 | 0.55 |
CT-75 | 0.64 | 0.02 | 0.68 |
CT-90 | 0.67 | 0.02 | 0.70 |
CT-105 | 0.70 | 0.02 | 0.73 |
CT-120 | 0.65 | 0.03 | 0.70 |
HT | HT-60 | 0.55 | 0.03 | 0.59 |
HT-75 | 0.58 | 0.04 | 0.64 |
HT-90 | 0.59 | 0.03 | 0.64 |
HT-105 | 0.76 | 0.07 | 0.87 |
Table 7.
Normal distribution fitting results of internal taper (%) after 5000 times Bootstrap sampling.
Table 7.
Normal distribution fitting results of internal taper (%) after 5000 times Bootstrap sampling.
Name | Grade | Expected Value | Standard Deviation | Characteristic Value |
---|
UT | UT-60 | 0.36 | 0.04 | 0.42 |
UT-75 | 0.36 | 0.03 | 0.41 |
UT-90 | 0.46 | 0.02 | 0.49 |
UT-105 | 0.48 | 0.03 | 0.53 |
UT-120 | 0.50 | 0.04 | 0.56 |
CT | CT-60 | 0.41 | 0.05 | 0.50 |
CT-75 | 0.54 | 0.02 | 0.57 |
CT-90 | 0.44 | 0.02 | 0.48 |
CT-105 | 0.40 | 0.02 | 0.44 |
CT-120 | 0.35 | 0.04 | 0.41 |
HT | HT-60 | 0.45 | 0.02 | 0.48 |
HT-75 | 0.42 | 0.03 | 0.47 |
HT-90 | 0.45 | 0.03 | 0.49 |
HT-105 | 0.51 | 0.06 | 0.61 |
Table 8.
Treatment factor of external taper TFe,i.
Table 8.
Treatment factor of external taper TFe,i.
| Grade | 60 | 75 | 90 | 105 | 120 |
---|
Name | |
---|
UT | 1.000 | 1.000 | 1.000 | 1.000 | 1.000 |
CT | 1.528 | 1.300 | 1.207 | 1.013 | 0.786 |
HT | 1.017 | 1.280 | 1.103 | 0.888 | / |
Table 9.
Normal distribution fitting results of linear mass (kg/m) after 5000 times Bootstrap sampling.
Table 9.
Normal distribution fitting results of linear mass (kg/m) after 5000 times Bootstrap sampling.
Name | Grade | Mean Value | Standard Deviation | Characteristic Value |
---|
UT | UT-60 | 1.69 | 0.05 | 1.61 |
UT-75 | 2.45 | 0.06 | 2.36 |
UT-90 | 3.24 | 0.05 | 3.17 |
UT-105 | 4.04 | 0.05 | 3.96 |
UT-120 | 5.13 | 0.13 | 4.91 |
CT | CT-60 | 1.26 | 0.04 | 1.19 |
CT-75 | 1.72 | 0.04 | 1.66 |
CT-90 | 2.21 | 0.04 | 2.15 |
CT-105 | 2.76 | 0.05 | 2.69 |
CT-120 | 3.40 | 0.09 | 3.25 |
HT | HT-60 | 1.20 | 0.02 | 1.18 |
HT-75 | 1.56 | 0.02 | 1.52 |
HT-90 | 2.27 | 0.04 | 2.20 |
HT-105 | 3.07 | 0.06 | 2.97 |
Table 10.
Normal distribution fitting results of nominal density (kg/m3) after 5000 times Bootstrap sampling.
Table 10.
Normal distribution fitting results of nominal density (kg/m3) after 5000 times Bootstrap sampling.
Name | Grade | Mean Value | Standard Deviation | Characteristic Value |
---|
UT | UT-60 | 1035.72 | 25.55 | 993.69 |
UT-75 | 1187.61 | 13.75 | 1164.99 |
UT-90 | 1199.58 | 12.99 | 1178.22 |
UT-105 | 1239.36 | 10.81 | 1221.57 |
UT-120 | 1283.99 | 14.40 | 1260.30 |
CT | CT-60 | 990.04 | 31.83 | 937.67 |
CT-75 | 942.51 | 15.63 | 916.81 |
CT-90 | 943.33 | 12.22 | 923.23 |
CT-105 | 904.77 | 14.73 | 880.55 |
CT-120 | 854.18 | 22.26 | 817.56 |
HT | HT-60 | 1110.32 | 12.03 | 1090.53 |
HT-75 | 1053.03 | 21.05 | 1018.40 |
HT-90 | 1106.37 | 17.77 | 1077.13 |
HT-105 | 1101.57 | 18.14 | 1071.73 |
Table 11.
Treatment factor of linear mass TFl,i.
Table 11.
Treatment factor of linear mass TFl,i.
| Grade | 60 | 75 | 90 | 105 | 120 |
---|
Name | |
---|
UT | 1.000 | 1.000 | 1.000 | 1.000 | 1.000 |
CT | 0.739 | 0.703 | 0.678 | 0.679 | 0.662 |
HT | 0.733 | 0.644 | 0.694 | 0.750 | / |
Table 12.
Treatment factor of nominal density TFn,i.
Table 12.
Treatment factor of nominal density TFn,i.
| Grade | 60 | 75 | 90 | 105 | 120 |
---|
Name | |
---|
UT | 1.000 | 1.000 | 1.000 | 1.000 | 1.000 |
CT | 0.944 | 0.787 | 0.784 | 0.721 | 0.649 |
HT | 1.097 | 0.874 | 0.914 | 0.877 | / |
Table 13.
Descriptive statistics of compressive strengths of three kinds of specimens.
Table 13.
Descriptive statistics of compressive strengths of three kinds of specimens.
Statistics | UT | CT | HT |
---|
Number | 148 | 150 | 141 |
Max (MPa) | 98.77 | 86.21 | 156.15 |
Min (MPa) | 37.16 | 66.14 | 46.34 |
Mean (MPa) | 61.85 | 65.82 | 102.61 |
5% value (MPa) | 41.35 | 50.37 | 59.77 |
Standard deviation (MPa) | 13.69 | 8.44 | 27.10 |
Coefficient of variation (%) | 22.14 | 12.83 | 26.41 |
Table 14.
Normal distribution fitting results of compressive strength (MPa) after 5000 times Bootstrap sampling.
Table 14.
Normal distribution fitting results of compressive strength (MPa) after 5000 times Bootstrap sampling.
Name | Grade | Mean Value | Standard Deviation | Characteristic Value |
---|
UT | UT-60 | 73.75 | 2.34 | 69.90 |
UT-75 | 69.90 | 1.33 | 67.71 |
UT-90 | 59.99 | 1.31 | 57.83 |
UT-105 | 53.60 | 0.95 | 52.04 |
UT-120 | 45.73 | 1.23 | 43.70 |
CT | CT-60 | 73.74 | 1.26 | 71.67 |
CT-75 | 72.38 | 0.88 | 70.92 |
CT-90 | 64.89 | 1.10 | 63.08 |
CT-105 | 63.51 | 0.97 | 61.92 |
CT-120 | 57.25 | 1.09 | 55.47 |
HT | HT-60 | 119.29 | 2.77 | 114.73 |
HT-75 | 112.88 | 4.59 | 105.32 |
HT-90 | 88.77 | 3.29 | 83.36 |
HT-105 | 81.81 | 3.54 | 75.98 |