Thriving at Work as a Mediator of the Relationship between Transformational Leadership and Innovative Work Behavior
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Literature Review and Hypotheses Development
2.1. Linking Transformational Leadership and Innovative Work Behavior
2.2. Linking Transformational Leadership and Thriving at Work
2.3. Thriving at Work as a Mediator
3. Methods
3.1. Sample
3.2. Data Collection
3.3. Measures
3.3.1. Transformational Leadership
3.3.2. Thriving at Work
3.3.3. Innovative Work Behavior
3.4. Control Variables
3.5. Data Analysis
4. Results
4.1. Validity and Reliability of Measurement Models
4.1.1. Confirmatory Factor Analysis
4.1.2. Convergent and Discriminant Validity
4.1.3. Common Method Bias
4.2. Structural Model
4.2.1. Descriptive Statistics
4.2.2. Structural Model Fit
4.2.3. Structural Model Results
5. Discussion
6. Theoretical and Managerial Implications
7. The Study’s Limitations and Future Research
8. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
- Pfeffer, J. Building sustainable organizations: The human factor. Acad. Manag. Perspect. 2010, 24, 34–45. [Google Scholar]
- Spreitzer, G.; Porath, C.L.; Gibson, C.B. Toward human sustainability: How to enable more thriving at work. Organ. Dyn. 2012, 41, 155–162. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Abid, G.; Contreras, F.; Ahmed, S.; Qazi, T. Contextual Factors and Organizational Commitment: Examining the Mediating Role of Thriving at Work. Sustainability 2019, 11, 4686. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Spreitzer, G.; Sutcliffe, K.; Dutton, J.; Sonenshein, S.; Grant, A.M. A Socially Embedded Model of Thriving at Work. Organ. Sci. 2005, 16, 537–549. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Nix, G.A.; Ryan, R.M.; Manly, J.B.; Deci, E.L. Revitalization through Self-Regulation: The Effects of Autonomous and Controlled Motivation on Happiness and Vitality. J. Exp. Soc. Psychol. 1999, 35, 266–284. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Milošević, I.; Paterson, T.A.; Bass, A.E. Thriving under Pressure: An Exploration of Research Productivity in Business Ph.D. Programs. Acad. Manag. Proc. 2014, 2014, 12115. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Paterson, T.A.; Luthans, F.; Jeung, W. Thriving at work: Impact of psychological capital and supervisor support. J. Organ. Behav. 2013, 35, 434–446. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Thakur, M.; Bansal, A.; Stokes, P. The role of thriving and training in merger success: An integrative learning perspective. In Advances in Mergers and Acquisitions; Emerald Group Publishing Limited: Bentley, UK, 2016. [Google Scholar]
- Marchiondo, L.A.; Cortina, L.M.; Kabat-Farr, D. Attributions and appraisals of workplace incivility: Finding light on the dark side? Appl. Psychol. 2018, 67, 369–400. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Riaz, S.; Xu, Y.; Hussain, S. Role of Relational Ties in the Relationship between Thriving at Work and Innovative Work Behavior: An Empirical Study. Eur. J. Investig. Health Psychol. Educ. 2020, 10, 218–231. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Kleine, A.K.; Rudolph, C.W.; Zacher, H. Thriving at work: A meta-analysis. J. Organ. Behav. 2019, 40, 973–999. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Abid, G.; Contreras, F. Mapping Thriving at Work as a Growing Concept: Review and Directions for Future Studies. Information 2022, 13, 383. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Walumbwa, F.O.; Muchiri, M.K.; Misati, E.; Wu, C.; Meiliani, M. Inspired to perform: A multilevel investigation of antecedents and consequences of thriving at work. J. Organ. Behav. 2018, 39, 249–261. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Shahid, S.; Muchiri, M.K.; Walumbwa, F.O. Mapping the antecedents and consequences of thriving at work: A review and proposed research agenda. Int. J. Organ. Anal. 2020, 29, 78–103. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Afsar, B.; Umrani, W.A. Transformational leadership and innovative work behavior: The role of motivation to learn, task complexity and innovation climate. Eur. J. Innov. Manag. 2019, 23, 402–428. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Lin, Q. Transformational leadership and innovative work behavior: The role of identification, voice and innovation climate. Int. J. Hosp. Manag. 2023, 113, 103521. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Bass, B.M.; Avolio, B.J. Developing Transformational Leadership: 1992 and Beyond. J. Eur. Ind. Train. 1990, 14. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Pham-Thai, N.T.; McMurray, A.J.; Muenjohn, N.; Muchiri, M. Job engagement in higher education. Pers. Rev. 2018, 47, 951–967. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Deinert, A.; Homan, A.C.; Boer, D.; Voelpel, S.C.; Gutermann, D. Transformational leadership sub-dimensions and their link to leaders’ personality and performance. Leadersh. Q. 2015, 26, 1095–1120. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Liu, J.; Siu, O.-L.; Shi, K. Transformational Leadership and Employee Well-Being: The Mediating Role of Trust in the Leader and Self-Efficacy. Appl. Psychol. 2009, 59, 454–479. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- De Jong, J.; Den Hartog, D. Measuring innovative work behaviour. Creat. Innov. Manag. 2010, 19, 23–36. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Yuan, F.; Woodman, R.W. Innovative Behavior in the Workplace: The Role of Performance and Image Outcome Expectations. Acad. Manag. J. 2010, 53, 323–342. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Getz, I.; Robinson, A.G. Innovate or die: Is that a fact? Creat. Innov. Manag. 2003, 12, 130–136. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Podsakoff, P.M.; MacKenzie, S.B.; Moorman, R.H.; Fetter, R. Transformational leader behaviors and their effects on followers’ trust in leader, satisfaction, and organizational citizenship behaviors. Leadersh. Q. 1990, 1, 107–142. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Carless, S.A.; Wearing, A.J.; Mann, L. A Short Measure of Transformational Leadership. J. Bus. Psychol. 2000, 14, 389–405. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Bass, B.M. Two Decades of Research and Development in Transformational Leadership. Eur. J. Work. Organ. Psychol. 1999, 8, 9–32. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Bass, B.M.; Avolio, B.J.; Jung, D.I.; Berson, Y. Predicting unit performance by assessing transformational and transactional leadership. J. Appl. Psychol. 2003, 88, 207–218. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Rank, J.; Pace, V.L.; Frese, M. Three Avenues for Future Research on Creativity, Innovation, and Initiative. Appl. Psychol. 2004, 53, 518–528. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Scott, S.G.; Bruce, R.A. Determinants of innovative behavior: A path model of individual innovation in the workplace. Acad. Manag. J. 1994, 37, 580–607. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Bass, B.M.; Avolio, B.J. Transformational leadership and organizational culture. Int. J. Public Adm. 1994, 17, 541–554. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Qu, R.; Janssen, O.; Shi, K. Transformational leadership and follower creativity: The mediating role of follower relational identification and the moderating role of leader creativity expectations. Leadersh. Q. 2015, 26, 286–299. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Porath, C.; Spreitzer, G.; Gibson, C.; Garnett, F.G. Thriving at work: Toward its measurement, construct validation, and theoretical refinement. J. Organ. Behav. 2012, 33, 250–275. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Lin, C.P.; Xian, J.; Li, B.; Huang, H. Transformational Leadership and Employees’ Thriving at Work: The Mediating Roles of Challenge-Hindrance Stressors. Front. Psychol. 2020, 11, 1400. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Niessen, C.; Mäder, I.; Stride, C.; Jimmieson, N. Thriving when exhausted: The role of perceived transformational leadership. J. Vocat. Behav. 2017, 103, 41–51. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Wallace, J.C.; Butts, M.M.; Johnson, P.D.; Stevens, F.G.; Smith, M.B. A multilevel model of employee innovation: Understanding the effects of regulatory focus, thriving, and employee involvement climate. J. Manag. 2016, 42, 982–1004. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Carmeli, A.; Spreitzer, G.M. Trust, Connectivity, and Thriving: Implications for Innovative Behaviors at Work. J. Creat. Behav. 2009, 43, 169–191. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Dutton, J.E. Energize Your Workplace: How to Create and Sustain High-Quality Connections at Work; John Wiley & Sons: Hoboken, NJ, USA, 2003. [Google Scholar]
- Riaz, S.; Xu, Y.; Hussain, S. Understanding Employee Innovative Behavior and Thriving at Work: A Chinese Perspective. Adm. Sci. 2018, 8, 46. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Taherdoost, H. Sampling Methods in Research Methodology; How to Choose a Sampling Technique for Research. How to Choose a Sampling Technique for Research (10 April 2016). 2016. Available online: https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=3205035 (accessed on 6 July 2023).
- Bentler, P.M.; Chou, C.-P. Practical Issues in Structural Modeling. Sociol. Methods Res. 1987, 16, 78–117. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Podsakoff, P.M.; MacKenzie, S.B.; Lee, J.-Y.; Podsakoff, N.P. Common method biases in behavioral research: A critical review of the literature and recommended remedies. J. Appl. Psychol. 2003, 88, 879–903. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Brislin, R.W. Back-translation for cross-cultural research. J. Cross-Cult. Psychol. 1970, 1, 185–216. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Niessen, C.; Sonnentag, S.; Sach, F. Thriving at work–A diary study. J. Organ. Behav. 2012, 33, 468. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Hu, L.T.; Bentler, P.M. Cutoff criteria for fit indexes in covariance structure analysis: Conventional criteria versus new alternatives. Struct. Equ. Model. Multidiscip. J. 1999, 6, 1–55. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Hair, J.; Black, W.C.; Babin, B.J.; Anderson, R.E. Multivariate Data Analysis: Pearson College Division; Pearson: London, UK, 2010. [Google Scholar]
- Churchill, G.A., Jr. A paradigm for developing better measures of marketing constructs. J. Mark. Res. 1979, 16, 64–73. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- de Jonge, J.; Peeters, M.C. The Vital Worker: Towards Sustainable Performance at Work. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2019, 16, 910. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Nawaz, M.; Abid, G.; Arya, B.; Bhatti, G.A.; Farooqi, S. Understanding employee thriving: The role of workplace context, personality and individual resources. Total Qual. Manag. Bus. Excel. 2020, 31, 1345–1362. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Sudibjo, N.; Prameswari, R.K. The effects of knowledge sharing and person–organization fit on the relationship between transformational leadership on innovative work behavior. Heliyon 2021, 7, e07334. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Bednall, T.C.; Rafferty, A.E.; Shipton, H.; Sanders, K.; Jackson, C.J. Innovative behaviour: How much transformational leadership do you need? Br. J. Manag. 2018, 29, 796–816. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
Variables | Subgroups | (N) | (%) |
---|---|---|---|
Gender | |||
Female | 126 | 56 | |
Male | 98 | 44 | |
Nationality | |||
Saudi | 216 | 96 | |
Non-Saudi | 8 | 4 | |
Age | |||
20–29 | 124 | 55 | |
30–39 | 69 | 31 | |
40–49 | 15 | 7 | |
50–59 | 13 | 6 | |
60 or more | 3 | 1 | |
Educational level | |||
High school | 8 | 4 | |
Diploma | 15 | 7 | |
College degree | 187 | 83 | |
Master’s degree | 14 | 6 | |
Marital status | |||
Married | 91 | 41 | |
Unmarried | 133 | 59 | |
Years of experience | |||
Less than 1 years | 42 | 19% | |
1–5 years | 102 | 46% | |
6–10 years | 35 | 15% | |
11–15 years | 24 | 11% | |
More than 15 years | 21 | 9% |
90% CI for RMSEA | |||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Df | CFI | TLI | SRMR | RMSEA | LL | UL | |
3548.522 | 253 | 0.930 | 0.921 | 0.061 | 0.068 | 0.059 | 0.077 |
Construct | CR | AVE | 1 | 2 | 3 |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
1-Global transformational leadership | 0.946 | 0.717 | 0.85 | ||
2-Thriving at work | 0.941 | 0.622 | 0.505 ** | 0.79 | |
3-Innovative work behavior | 0.871 | 0.532 | 0.269 ** | 0.571 ** | 0.73 |
Total Variance Explained | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Component | Initial Eigenvalues | Extraction Sums of Squared Loadings | ||||
Total | % of Variance | Cumulative % | Total | % of Variance | Cumulative % | |
1 | 9.464 | 41.148 | 41.148 | 9.464 | 41.148 | 41.148 |
Mean | SD | Gender | Age | Edu | Exp | GTL | TAW | IWB | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Gender | 0.44 | 0.497 | - | ||||||
Age | 1.67 | 0.932 | −0.171 * | - | |||||
Edu | 2.92 | 0.517 | −0.010 | −0.099 | - | ||||
Exp | 2.46 | 1.186 | −0.338 ** | 0.760 ** | −0.052 | - | |||
GTL | 3.0179 | 1.13161 | 0.092 | 0.092 | 0.008 | 0.053 | (0.95) | ||
TAW | 3.4138 | 0.81622 | −0.040 | 0.083 | −0.027 | −0.001 | 0.505 ** | (0.90) | |
IWB | 3.4122 | 0.81021 | −0.131 | 0.112 | −0.032 | 0.113 | 0.296 ** | 0.571 ** | (0.87) |
90% CI for RMSEA | |||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Df | CFI | TLI | SRMR | RMSEA | LL | UL | |
640.484 | 313 | 0.912 | 0.903 | 0.064 | 0.069 | 0.061 | 0.076 |
H | Relationship | Estimates | SE | Results |
---|---|---|---|---|
H1 | Transformational leadership → Innovative work behavior | −0.187 * | 0.095 | Not supported |
H2 | Transformational leadership → Thriving at work | 0.619 *** | 0.055 | Supported |
H3 | Thriving at work → Innovative work behavior | 0.829 *** | 0.094 | Supported |
H4 | Transformational leadership → Thriving at work → Innovative work behavior | 0.513 *** | 0.088 | Supported |
Disclaimer/Publisher’s Note: The statements, opinions and data contained in all publications are solely those of the individual author(s) and contributor(s) and not of MDPI and/or the editor(s). MDPI and/or the editor(s) disclaim responsibility for any injury to people or property resulting from any ideas, methods, instructions or products referred to in the content. |
© 2023 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).
Share and Cite
Alwahhabi, N.; Dukhaykh, S.; Alonazi, W.B. Thriving at Work as a Mediator of the Relationship between Transformational Leadership and Innovative Work Behavior. Sustainability 2023, 15, 11540. https://doi.org/10.3390/su151511540
Alwahhabi N, Dukhaykh S, Alonazi WB. Thriving at Work as a Mediator of the Relationship between Transformational Leadership and Innovative Work Behavior. Sustainability. 2023; 15(15):11540. https://doi.org/10.3390/su151511540
Chicago/Turabian StyleAlwahhabi, Nada, Suad Dukhaykh, and Wadi B. Alonazi. 2023. "Thriving at Work as a Mediator of the Relationship between Transformational Leadership and Innovative Work Behavior" Sustainability 15, no. 15: 11540. https://doi.org/10.3390/su151511540
APA StyleAlwahhabi, N., Dukhaykh, S., & Alonazi, W. B. (2023). Thriving at Work as a Mediator of the Relationship between Transformational Leadership and Innovative Work Behavior. Sustainability, 15(15), 11540. https://doi.org/10.3390/su151511540