Linear Parks as Urban Commons—Considerations from Mexico City
Abstract
:1. Introduction
- −
- How do the different uses of the “linear park” respond to the needs and perspectives of the diverse users and stakeholders involved in its development, use, and management, beyond an explicit policy agenda?
- −
- In what ways does the linear park represent a “common” space that presents appropriation and provision challenges in its various sections? How do the users in different sections collectively act to address these challenges, and what are the outcomes of these efforts?
- −
- To what extent do the interventions in the different sections of the linear park result from the collective action and agency of its users and actors, and how do they interrelate with political actors and local governments?
- The diverse uses of the sections of the linear park reflect the different needs and cultures of their uses, beyond the officially designated purpose. These also reflect processes of gentrification and disposition resulting from profound asymmetric power relations and elite capture.
- The collective action of the users of the park has different levels of success in addressing the main challenges faced in the maintenance of the space, from relatively high participation and maintenance in some areas of the sections, to abandon and decay in others.
- The collective action of the users of the park enables them to influence local policy and investment according to their needs, cultures, and priorities.
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Methodology
2.2. Research Design
2.3. Research Process
- (A)
- The participant observation reconnaissance rides were conducted throughout the period 2017–2018 and included general observation sessions with which we sought knowledge of the conditions of the environment and the quality of the infrastructure present in the linear park. For each of the four sections of the selected bikeway, eight tours were conducted, as well as open interviews with different users.
- (B)
- In 2019, 59 semi-structured interviews were conducted to learn about local histories, the perception of users, the ways in which they experience the bikeway, security, and connections with the areas crossed, and recreational uses. These interviews made it possible to find correspondence between geostatistical data on living conditions and the perception of the users, identifying the areas with the highest levels of degradation, and those with unsecure conditions that posed risks, even for the development of the research. In the selection of the interviewees, we sought to interview people from each of the 4 sections, including users of different genders, age groups, socioeconomic sectors and relationships with the territory. The interviews conducted as follows: 13 in the Miguel Hidalgo track; 16 in the Álvaro Obregón track; 17 in the Magdalena Contreras track; 12 in the Tlalpan track.
- (C)
- In order to strengthen the information, a systematic record of the tours was made, in which 16 photographic sequences of the 4 sections of the bicycle path were recorded. A modification of SOPARC (System for Observing Play and Recreation in Communities) was used to count users and characterize them. The SOPARC system is based on momentary time sampling techniques in which systematic and periodic scans of individuals and contextual factors are conducted within predetermined target areas in community recreation settings. The system also includes linear parks in its protocol dictionary [53,54,55]. Photographic sequences were taken by a digital camera programmed to take photographs every three seconds, installed on a bicycle whose speed was maintained at 15 km/h (or 4.2 m/s) to generate a photograph every 12.6 m. Three photographs were established as the unit of analysis, to obtain a deep field of view of 37.8 m for the count. To capture the variety of situations, uses and users of the linear park, a tour was carried out simultaneously by 4 trained people, 1 for each section in both directions, at 8 a.m. in the North–South direction, 8:30 a.m. in the South–North direction, 3 p.m. in the North–South direction and 3:30 p.m. South–North. The rides were conducted on Mondays, Wednesdays, Fridays, Saturdays and Sundays in January and February 2020. The scanning of the units of analysis was performed by systematically and repeatedly observing, from left to right, the presence of users in the visual units of analysis recorded. We examined the utilization patterns and leisure activities associated with a bikeway, integrating observational techniques with quantitative annotations. We categorized users based on age (adults and juveniles) and gender (males and females), and documented the recreational activities such as jogging, standing, pedestrian endeavors, walking with pets, and cycling. Supplementing the quantitative data, we employed generalized, qualitative observational techniques to provide a deeper understanding of the diverse activities along the bikeway. These observations captured the broader context and motivations of individuals interacting with the bikeway. By merging the quantitative notation of users with qualitative observations, we sought to fully comprehend the various aspects of bikeway utilization. This integration of the demographic dispersion of users and the prevalence of specific recreational activities provided a nuanced analysis of the bikeway’s impact on diverse user groups.
2.4. Limitations
3. Results
3.1. Characterization of Sections
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- “Miguel Hidalgo” section: from Boulevard Manuel Ávila Camacho to Fernando Alencastre Street (Figure 4a).
- −
- “Álvaro Obregón” section: from Cabrio Street to Don Manuelito Street (Figure 4b).
- −
- “Magdalena Contreras” section: from Querétaro Street to Francisco del Olmo Street (Figure 4c).
- −
- The “Tlalpan” section: from Tetiz Avenue to Lirios Street (Figure 4d).
3.2. Actors
3.3. Uses, Exclusion, Rivalry, Appropriation, and Provisioning
3.4. Collective Action—Policy Responses
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Miguel Hidalgo | Álvaro Óbregón | Magdalena Contreras | Tlalpan | |||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
NSE | N. of NSE | Area (km2) | Population | Density | N. of NSE | Area (km2) | Population | Density | N. of NSE | Area (km2) | Population | Density | N. of NSE | Area (km2) | Population | Density |
A/B | 10 | 5.30 | 18,904 | 5033 | 5 | 3.07 | 25,757 | 7038 | 11 | 3.74 | 40,655 | 11,029 | ||||
C+ | 2 | 0.49 | 1914 | 2741 | 5 | 2.34 | 20,087 | 9827 | 3 | 0.82 | 12,273 | 18,326 | 3 | 0.75 | 11,230 | 14,410 |
C | 1 | 0.04 | 13 | 356 | 1 | 0.13 | 2569 | 19,377 | 3 | 0.82 | 9844 | 12,467 | ||||
C− | 1 | 1.67 | 265 | 159 | 2 | 0.73 | 8053 | 12,118 | ||||||||
D+ | ||||||||||||||||
D | 12 | 4.60 | 77,726 | 17,064 | ||||||||||||
E |
Miguel Hidalgo | Álvaro Obregón | La Magdalena Contreras | Tlalpan | |
---|---|---|---|---|
Adults | 2350 | 631 | 1197 | 1490 |
Children | 13 | 75 | 160 | 197 |
Male | 1308 | 435 | 624 | 797 |
Female | 1055 | 271 | 733 | 890 |
Total of Users | 2363 | 706 | 1357 | 1687 |
Runners | 12 | 11 | 159 | 10 |
Still | 37 | 67 | 4 | 169 |
Pedestrian | 2117 | 480 | 735 | 1366 |
With pets | 26 | 43 | 254 | 16 |
Bicycling | 171 | 95 | 170 | 127 |
Main Sector of Commons | Sub-Sector 1 | Sub-Sector 3 |
---|---|---|
Infrastructure commons | Transportation | |
Budgets | ||
Markets as commons | Exchange commons | |
Global commons | Atmosphere | |
Pollution | ||
Public health | ||
Infrastructure | ||
Social Commons | ||
Neighborhood commons | Homeless habitat | |
Parks and greenery | ||
Security | ||
Sidewalks | ||
Streets | ||
Silence/Noise | ||
Cultural commons | Non-profit organizations | |
Public arts | ||
Sports | ||
Tourism | Landscapes | |
Eco-tourism |
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Buratti, S.; Merino-Pérez, L. Linear Parks as Urban Commons—Considerations from Mexico City. Sustainability 2023, 15, 9542. https://doi.org/10.3390/su15129542
Buratti S, Merino-Pérez L. Linear Parks as Urban Commons—Considerations from Mexico City. Sustainability. 2023; 15(12):9542. https://doi.org/10.3390/su15129542
Chicago/Turabian StyleBuratti, Simone, and Leticia Merino-Pérez. 2023. "Linear Parks as Urban Commons—Considerations from Mexico City" Sustainability 15, no. 12: 9542. https://doi.org/10.3390/su15129542