Comparative Study of a Fixed-Focus Fresnel Lens Solar Concentrator/Conical Cavity Receiver System with and without Glass Cover Installed in a Solar Cooker
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. System Description
2.1. FSC-C System
2.2. Testing System
3. Optical Characteristics
3.1. Definition of Optical Efficiency, Incidence Angle Modifier and Uniformity Factor
3.2. The Radiation Flux Profile of the Absorbing Surface and the Optical Efficiency of the System
4. Thermal Performance
4.1. Time Constant of the FSC-C System
4.2. Thermal Efficiency of the FSC-C System
5. Results and Discussion
5.1. Time Constant of Different Incidence Angle
5.2. Thermal Efficiencies of Different Incidence Angles
6. Conclusions
- (1)
- The optical efficiency of the FSC-C system without a glass cover is higher than that with a glass cover. The difference between them is more significant at incidence angles of 20–60°. The increase in differences is faster with the decrease in the focal length, while it is slower or even decreasing when increasing the focal length;
- (2)
- The incidence angle has a significant influence on optical efficiency. Two models were proposed to predict the effect of incidence angle on the optical performance of conical cavity receiver coupled fixed-focus Fresnel lens solar concentrator;
- (3)
- The time constant of the FSC-C system with a glass cover is less than that without a glass cover. The time constant for incidence angles 25°, 30°, 35°, and 40° with and without glass cover was determined as 31 s, 29 s, 31 s, 33 s and 49 s, 59 s, 57 s, 48 s, respectively. The incident angle variations during the experiment were small, with a maximum of 1.064° over a 5-min interval;
- (4)
- Comparing the thermal efficiencies of the FSC-C system with and without glass cover under different incidence angles, it is found that the thermal efficiency with glass cover is higher for a wide range of higher temperature differences. The parameters F′η0(θ) and F′UL/C dominate at lower and higher temperature differences, respectively.
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
Nomenclature
δ | Sun declination angle (degree) |
η0 | Optical efficiency |
ηt | Instantaneous thermal efficiency |
θ | Concentrated sunlight incidence angle (degree) |
τ | Time constant (s) |
Φ | Local latitude angle (degree) |
φ | Tilt angle of cavity receiver with the horizontal (degree) |
ω | Solar hour angle (degree) |
Ac | Area of Fresnel lens (m2) |
Ar | Area of conical cavity receiver (m2) |
C | Geometric concentrating ratio |
cp | Heat capacity of working fluid (kJ/kg/°C) |
D | Aperture diameter of Fresnel lens (mm) |
f | Focal length of Fresnel lens (mm) |
F′ | Collector efficiency factor |
Id | Direct solar radiation (W/m2) |
K | Global incidence angle modifier |
Mass flow rate of fluid flow (kg/s) | |
Qab | Radiation energy received by the cavity receiver surface (W) |
Tamb | Ambient temperature (°C) |
Tin | Collector inlet fluid temperature (°C) |
Tm | Average temperature of conical cavity receiver (°C) |
To | Collector outlet fluid temperature (°C) |
To,ss | Steady-state working fluid outlet temperature (°C) |
Tr | Average inner surface temperature of cavity receiver (°C) |
Ua | Overall heat loss coefficient base on Tr (W/m2/°C) |
UL | Overall heat loss coefficient base on Tm (W/m2/°C) |
Acronyms | |
FSC-C | Fixed-focus Fresnel lens solar concentrator/conical cavity receiver |
UF | Uniformity factor |
Appendix A
Temperature (°C) | 20 | 50 | 80 | 110 | 140 | 170 | 200 |
Heat capacity (kJ/kg/°C) | 1.625 | 1.730 | 1.850 | 1.945 | 2.045 | 2.150 | 2.255 |
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No. | Measurements | Type | Uncertainty |
---|---|---|---|
1 | Temperature | PT-100 sensor | ±0.1 °C |
2 | Mass flow rate | Flow meter | 0.5 lpm |
3 | Wind speed | Hot wire anemometer | ±0.01 m/s |
4 | Direct solar irradiance | TBS-2-2 | 2% |
5 | Tracking accuracy | Polar-axis tracking mechanism | ±0.1° |
System Type | Incident Angle | 16° | 24° | 32° | 40° |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
With glass cover | F′η0(θ) | 0.5471 | 0.5377 | 0.529 | 0.5081 |
Without glass cover | F′UL/C | 1.5503 | 1.6321 | 1.7514 | 1.8869 |
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Wang, H. Comparative Study of a Fixed-Focus Fresnel Lens Solar Concentrator/Conical Cavity Receiver System with and without Glass Cover Installed in a Solar Cooker. Sustainability 2023, 15, 9450. https://doi.org/10.3390/su15129450
Wang H. Comparative Study of a Fixed-Focus Fresnel Lens Solar Concentrator/Conical Cavity Receiver System with and without Glass Cover Installed in a Solar Cooker. Sustainability. 2023; 15(12):9450. https://doi.org/10.3390/su15129450
Chicago/Turabian StyleWang, Hai. 2023. "Comparative Study of a Fixed-Focus Fresnel Lens Solar Concentrator/Conical Cavity Receiver System with and without Glass Cover Installed in a Solar Cooker" Sustainability 15, no. 12: 9450. https://doi.org/10.3390/su15129450