Effect and Mechanism of Environmental Decentralization on Pollution Emission from Pig Farming—Evidence from China
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Literature Review and Theoretical Hypothesis
3. Research Method
3.1. Sample and Model
3.2. Variable Selection
3.2.1. Explanatory Variables
3.2.2. Adjusting Variable
3.3. Data and Time Span
3.4. Description of the Study Variables
4. Results and Discussions
4.1. Results of Baseline Regression
4.2. The Moderating Effect of the Pig Breeding Scale
4.3. Heterogeneity Analysis
4.4. Endogenous Analysis
4.5. Robustness Test
5. Conclusions and Implications
Author Contributions
Funding
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Variable Name | Code | Specific Meaning | Mean Value | Standard Deviation |
---|---|---|---|---|
Emission intensity of pollutants from pig breeding | POLL | Total chemical oxygen demand, ammonia nitrogen and total phosphorus on pig breeding (10,000 tons) | 1.4922 | 1.2278 |
Environmental decentralization | ED | Environmental decentralization index | 0.9778 | 0.3595 |
Environmental administrative decentralization | EAD | Environmental administrative decentralization index | 1.3363 | 1.2773 |
Environmental monitoring decentralization | EMD | Environmental monitoring decentralization index | 1.3773 | 1.4512 |
Environmental supervision decentralization | ESD | Environmental supervision decentralization index | 1.4009 | 1.4098 |
Environmental regulation | ER | Environmental regulation index | 8.4964 | 0.9689 |
Pig breeding scale | Scale | Scale index | 3.3333 | 3.2022 |
Feed supply for pigs | lnSLF | Aggregate of concentrated feed and compound feed (tons) | 14.8792 | 1.1274 |
Education level of farmers | YWD | Proportion of the labor force with high school education in rural families (%) | 10.6026 | 3.5248 |
Carrying capacity of land | ZYC | Proportion of cultivated land area of provinces in total area of cultivated land of China (%) | 3.0155 | 2.1805 |
Transportation convenience | JBD | Ratio of total mileage of roads, railways and inland waterways to land area (%) | 0.8132 | 0.5789 |
Scientific and technological progress | JSP | Ratio of patent grants to GDP (%) | 1.0481 | 0.9380 |
Disease risk | YBF | Total number of pig deaths and culls due to eight common diseases (Head) | 1236.9900 | 3546.4590 |
Per capita income level | lnJGDP | Per capita GDP (Yuan) | 3.8066 | 0.5368 |
Urbanization rate | CZL | The percentage of urban population (%) | 48.6878 | 15.3648 |
Variable | (1) | (2) | (3) | (4) |
---|---|---|---|---|
ED | −0.2250 *** (0.0554) | |||
EAD | −0.0036 (0.0075) | |||
EMD | −0.0118 * (0.0062) | |||
ESD | −0.0072 (0.0071) | |||
Control | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes |
Time | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes |
Region | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes |
N | 510 | 510 | 510 | 510 |
0.2460 | 0.2200 | 0.2260 | 0.2210 |
Variable | (5) | (6) | (7) | (8) |
---|---|---|---|---|
ED*Scale | −0.0581 *** (0.0141) | |||
EAD*Scale | −0.0142 *** (0.0033) | |||
EMD*Scale | −0.0056 (0.0039) | |||
ESD*Scale | −0.0034 (0.0039) | |||
Control | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes |
Time | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes |
Region | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes |
N | 510 | 510 | 510 | 510 |
0.3250 | 0.2910 | 0.2710 | 0.2650 |
Variable | Key Zones | Restricted Zones | Potential Zones | Moderate Zones | Key Zones | Restricted Zones | Potential Zones | Moderate Zones |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
ED | −0.1280 | −0.2330 *** | −0.3450 ** | −0.1960 *** | ||||
(0.1440) | (0.0881) | (0.1500) | (0.0656) | |||||
EAD | 0.0159 | −0.0231 | 0.1150 ** | 0.0002 | ||||
(0.0175) | (0.0189) | (0.0530) | (0.0033) | |||||
Control | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes |
Time | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes |
Region | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes |
N | 119 | 187 | 102 | 102 | 119 | 187 | 102 | 102 |
R2 | 0.4600 | 0.3240 | 0.6470 | 0.5590 | 0.4600 | 0.3010 | 0.6450 | 0.5130 |
Variable | Key Zones | Restricted Zones | Potential Zones | Moderate Zones | Key Zones | Restricted Zones | Potential Zones | Moderate Zones |
EMD | 0.0046 | −0.0158 | −0.0752 *** | −0.0026 | ||||
(0.0181) | (0.0115) | (0.0244) | (0.0027) | |||||
ESD | 0.0096 | −0.0133 | −0.0264 | −0.0034 | ||||
(0.0164) | (0.0137) | (0.0229) | (0.0033) | |||||
Control | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes |
Time | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes |
Region | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes |
N | 119 | 187 | 102 | 102 | 119 | 187 | 102 | 102 |
R2 | 0.4560 | 0.3030 | 0.6630 | 0.5180 | 0.4580 | 0.2990 | 0.6310 | 0.5190 |
Variable | First Stage | Second Stage |
---|---|---|
ED | −0.3892 *** (0.0167) | |
IVED | 0.2573 *** (0.0229) | |
Control | Yes | Yes |
Time | Yes | Yes |
N | 510 | 510 |
Wald | 95.3148 | |
F | 72.1903 *** | |
R2 | 0.3842 | 0.2819 |
Variable | Replace the Explained Variable | Exclude the Municipalities Directly under the Central Government | Add Control Variable Time Trend | High-Dimensional Fixation Effect |
---|---|---|---|---|
ED | −0.4892 *** (0.0237) | −0.3356 *** (0.0372) | −0.5381 *** (0.0829) | −0.3305 *** (0.0168) |
EAD | −0.0829 (0.1639) | −0.0831 (0.1274) | −0.5893 (0.9872) | −0.6285 (0.9173) |
EMD | −0.4261 ** (0.2048) | −0.5379 *** (0.0378) | −0.6382 * (0.3514) | −0.5918 ** (0.2704) |
ESD | −0.3722 (0.9816) | −0.0368 (0.9935) | −0.8816 (0.7934) | −0.4893 (0.7429) |
Control | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes |
Time | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes |
Region | Yes | No | Yes | Yes |
N | 510 | 442 | 510 | 510 |
R2 | 0.2109 | 0.2235 | 0.2091 | 0.2638 |
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Shao, H.; Li, B.; Jiang, Y. Effect and Mechanism of Environmental Decentralization on Pollution Emission from Pig Farming—Evidence from China. Sustainability 2023, 15, 8297. https://doi.org/10.3390/su15108297
Shao H, Li B, Jiang Y. Effect and Mechanism of Environmental Decentralization on Pollution Emission from Pig Farming—Evidence from China. Sustainability. 2023; 15(10):8297. https://doi.org/10.3390/su15108297
Chicago/Turabian StyleShao, Haiying, Bowen Li, and Yanjun Jiang. 2023. "Effect and Mechanism of Environmental Decentralization on Pollution Emission from Pig Farming—Evidence from China" Sustainability 15, no. 10: 8297. https://doi.org/10.3390/su15108297