Impact of Compression Casting Technique on the Mechanical Properties of 100% Recycled Aggregate Concrete
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Materials
2.2. Mix Proportions
2.3. Preparation of Specimens
2.4. Testing Procedures
2.4.1. Density
2.4.2. Compressive Strength Test
2.4.3. Modulus of Elasticity Test
2.4.4. Ultrasonic Pulse Velocity Test
3. Results and Discussion
3.1. Density of Concrete
3.2. Compressive Strength
3.3. Modulus of Elasticity in Compression (Ec)
3.4. Ultrasonic Pulse Velocity (UPV)
3.5. Observations
- Concrete specimens prepared using CCT showed improvement in the various properties, such as compressive strength, modulus of elasticity, and quality assessment through UPV with the increase in the casting pressure. Accordingly, to prepare RAC mix using CCT, a higher casting pressure is recommended to obtain the improvement in the mechanical performance.
- RA and NA were used to prepare the concrete using 30:70 and 40:60 ratios of fine to coarse aggregates, respectively. The density and other mechanical properties of NAC were higher than RAC. Old mortar attached to RA increases the porosity which results in reducing the density and mechanical performance of RAC. Figure 14a,b show the influence of proportion of RFA and RCA on the compressive strength and modulus of elasticity of RAC, respectively. The compressive strength and E-value exhibited by the RAC using 40:60 ratio of RFA to RCA was higher than the other mix ratio (i.e., 30:70). Therefore, it is suggested to use 40% of RFA and 60% of RCA to prepare the RAC with the use of 100% RAs.
- Two different dosages of cement were used to prepare the concrete compositions. For RAC, the compressive strength as well as the modulus of elasticity of concrete tend to increase with the increase in cement contents as is evident from Figure 14a,b. A slight improvement in the density of concrete was also observed with increasing cement content.
4. Analytical Modeling
4.1. Analytical Model for Compressive Strength Based on Density of Concrete
4.2. Analytical Model for Elastic Modulus Based on Compressive Strength and Density of Concrete
4.3. Relationship between Compressive Strength and Ultrasonic Pulse Velocity
4.4. Relationship between Elastic Modulus and Ultrasonic Pulse Velocity
5. Conclusions
- The compression casting technique showed a positive impact on the mechanical properties of RAC. On average, considering all compositions tested in this study, compressive strength and elastic modulus of RAC were increased by 20–80% and 15–50%, respectively, by changing the casting method from vibration to compression casting.
- A total of 100% RAC prepared by CCT at a casting pressure of 35 MPa and cement content of 15% was able to achieve compressive strength greater than 100% NAC prepared by the conventional method of casting [i.e., through vibration].
- For CCT, the value of casting pressure is of great importance with respect to density of resulting concrete. However, the decision regarding the value of casting pressure to be used must depend upon the target strength of the resulting RAC.
- For the manufacturing of masonry units of an aspect ratio equal or less than one, CCT made it possible to design a concrete of target compressive strength of 15 MPa containing significantly less quantity of cement (i.e., 10%) and 100% RAC (40% fine + 60% coarse).
- The ultrasonic pulse velocity value exhibited by 100% RAC was increased by changing the casting technique. Further, with the increase of casting pressure in CCT, UPV value was increased, indicating improvement in quality of concrete.
- The mechanical properties of RAC and NAC compositions prepared by two ratios of fine and coarse aggregates [i.e., 30:70 and 40:60] and two cement contents [10% and 15%] in this study clearly indicated that the effect CCT depends upon is the mix ratio of coarse and fine aggregates as well as cement dosage.
- Analytical models to predict different properties of RAC and NAC prepared by CCT were developed based on the regression analysis of the results obtained in this study. The proposed models were evaluated based on statistical parameters average absolute error (AAE) and the mean (M). The proposed analytical models were found to be able to predict the compressive strength and elastic modulus of RAC with reasonable accuracy as compared to the analytical models already existing in literature.
- In this study, the feasibility of using RAC incorporating 100% RA prepared by CCT for the manufacturing of masonry units is highlighted. However, only the effect of casting pressure is investigated. In order to be in line with field practice for the manufacturing concrete masonry unit, further investigation is recommended to be carried out to improve the effect of CCT by developing a setup to impart vibration to mold and compaction through compression at the same time.
Author Contributions
Funding
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Property | RA | NA | ||
---|---|---|---|---|
Coarse | Fine | Coarse | Fine | |
Bulk oven dry Specific Gravity | 2.26 | 2.05 | 2.84 | 2.70 |
Bulk SSD Specific Gravity | 2.44 | 2.28 | 2.86 | 2.75 |
Bulk Apparent Specific Gravity | 2.76 | 2.66 | 2.87 | 2.84 |
Water Absorption (%) | 7.97 | 11.15 | 0.9 | 1.79 |
Moisture Content (%) | 2.37 | 5.32 | 0.9 | 1.2 |
Flakiness Index (%) | 14.1 | - | 19.6 | - |
Elongation Index (%) | 21.25 | - | 44.1 | - |
Bulk Density (kg/m3) | 1267 | 1335 | 1441 | 1722 |
Los Angeles Abrasion Value (%) | 37.57 | - | 25.20 | |
10% Fine Value, TFV (kN) | 184.36 | - | 199.57 | |
Aggregate Crushing Value, ACV (%) | 20.80 | - | 22.55 | |
Aggregate Impact Value, AIV (%) | 15.36 | - | 17.70 |
Chemical Composition | CaO | SiO2 | Al2O3 | Fe2O3 | MgO | SO3 |
62.6% | 20.8% | 5.06% | 3.27% | 2.56% | 1.57% |
Physical Properties | Fineness | Soundness | Initial and Final Setting | Standard Consistency |
8% | 9 mm | 105–215 | 30% |
Sr. No. | Concrete Designation | Cement Content, % (kg/m3) | Fine Aggregates, kg/m3 | Coarse Aggregates, kg/m3 | Water/Cement Ratio | Applied Pressure, MPa |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1 | RAC-30F70C | 10 (195) | 580 | 1355 | 0.5 | 25 |
2 | 35 | |||||
3 | 45 | |||||
4 | 15 (290) | 580 | 1355 | 25 | ||
5 | 35 | |||||
6 | 45 | |||||
7 | RAC-40F60C | 10 (205) | 825 | 1230 | 25 | |
8 | 35 | |||||
9 | 45 | |||||
10 | 15 (310) | 825 | 1230 | 25 | ||
11 | 35 | |||||
12 | 45 | |||||
13 | NAC-30F70C | 10 (195) | 580 | 1355 | 0.5 | 25 |
14 | 35 | |||||
15 | 45 | |||||
16 | 15 (290) | 580 | 1355 | 25 | ||
17 | 35 | |||||
18 | 45 | |||||
19 | NAC-40F60C | 10 (205) | 825 | 1230 | 25 | |
20 | 35 | |||||
21 | 45 | |||||
22 | 15 (310) | 825 | 1230 | 25 | ||
23 | 35 | |||||
24 | 45 | |||||
25 | RAC-30F70C-V | 10 (195) | 580 | 1355 | 0.5 | Compaction by Vibration (Conventional method) |
26 | 15 (290) | 580 | 1355 | |||
27 | RAC-40F60C-V | 10 (205) | 825 | 1230 | ||
28 | 15 (310) | 825 | 1230 |
Sr. No. | Concrete Designation | Cement Content | Applied Pressure MPa | Density kg/m3 | Compressive Strength, MPa | Elastic Modulus MPa | Ultrasonic Pulse Velocity | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
A.R = 2 | A.R = 1 | Values km/s | Quality | ||||||
1 | RAC-30F70C | 10% | 25 | 2073 | 6.62 | 9.0 | 9.2 | 3.337 | Questionable |
2 | 35 | 2137 | 6.7 | 11.5 | 10 | 3.573 | Questionable | ||
3 | 45 | 2201 | 8.7 | 12.6 | 12.05 | 3.646 | Good | ||
4 | 15% | 25 | 2156 | 16.1 | 20.8 | 13.27 | 4.053 | Good | |
5 | 35 | 2218 | 20.5 | 27.0 | 17.24 | 4.215 | Good | ||
6 | 45 | 2278 | 13.04 | 16.7 | 21.47 | 3.580 | Questionable | ||
7 | RAC-40F60C | 10% | 25 | 2133 | 11.3 | 13.7 | 12.54 | 3.890 | Good |
8 | 35 | 2173 | 11.76 | 16.0 | 12.78 | 4.091 | Good | ||
9 | 45 | 2233 | 11.86 | 19.0 | 13.25 | 4.104 | Good | ||
10 | 15% | 25 | 2181 | 17.86 | 18.7 | 14.37 | 4.369 | Good | |
11 | 35 | 2293 | 18.88 | 19.2 | 16.55 | 4.452 | Good | ||
12 | 45 | 2277 | 18.57 | 22.3 | 17.45 | 4.066 | Good | ||
13 | NAC-30F70C | 10% | 25 | 2318 | 11.82 | 12.8 | 16.74 | 4.443 | Good |
14 | 35 | 2328 | 13.6 | 13.5 | 18.51 | 4.463 | Good | ||
15 | 45 | 2390 | 12.17 | 16.7 | 22.87 | 4.602 | Excellent | ||
16 | 15% | 25 | 2325 | 19.29 | 25.4 | 25.193 | 4.504 | Excellent | |
17 | 35 | 2368 | 20.71 | 27.7 | 26.492 | 4.626 | Excellent | ||
18 | 45 | 2416 | 22.5 | 30.4 | 28.472 | 4.716 | Excellent | ||
19 | NAC-40F60C | 10% | 25 | 2337 | 13.05 | 14.5 | 14.861 | 3.804 | Good |
20 | 35 | 2363 | 14.69 | 16.7 | 18.07 | 3.814 | Good | ||
21 | 45 | 2383 | 15.26 | 20.8 | 24.037 | 3.969 | Good | ||
22 | 15% | 25 | 2363 | 19.92 | 22.4 | 20.571 | 4.185 | Good | |
23 | 35 | 2406 | 22.84 | 24.5 | 24.64 | 4.234 | Good | ||
24 | 45 | 2460 | 20.69 | 26.0 | 27.34 | 4.285 | Good | ||
25 | RAC-30F70C-V | 10% | Compaction by vibration | 2068 | 5.9 | 8.5 | 10.65 | 3.791 | Good |
26 | 15% | 2230 | 11.43 | 15.2 | 13.18 | 3.995 | Good | ||
27 | RAC-40F60C-V | 10% | 2221 | 12.14 | 13.5 | 11.77 | 3.831 | Good | |
28 | 15% | 2265 | 14.83 | 17.4 | 14.82 | 3.890 | Good |
Sr. No. | Reference | Analytical Model | Casting Technique and Aggregate Type |
---|---|---|---|
1 | Xiao et al. [54] | Conventional casting using recycled aggregates | |
2 | Lim et al. [55] | Conventional casting using natural aggregates |
Sr. No. | Reference | Prediction Equation | Casting Technique and Aggregate Type |
---|---|---|---|
1 | Kakizaki et al. [57] | Conventional casting and RA | |
2 | Antonio et al. [56] | Conventional casting and RA | |
3 | Ravindrarajahet al. [58] | Conventional casting and RA | |
4 | Antonio et al. [56] | Conventional casting and NA | |
5 | Lim et al. [55] | Conventional casting and NA | |
6 | ACI 318-02 [59] | Conventional casting and NA |
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Hameed, R.; Tahir, M.; Zaib-un-Nisa; Shahzad, S.; Kazmi, S.M.S.; Munir, M.J. Impact of Compression Casting Technique on the Mechanical Properties of 100% Recycled Aggregate Concrete. Sustainability 2023, 15, 8153. https://doi.org/10.3390/su15108153
Hameed R, Tahir M, Zaib-un-Nisa, Shahzad S, Kazmi SMS, Munir MJ. Impact of Compression Casting Technique on the Mechanical Properties of 100% Recycled Aggregate Concrete. Sustainability. 2023; 15(10):8153. https://doi.org/10.3390/su15108153
Chicago/Turabian StyleHameed, Rashid, Muhammad Tahir, Zaib-un-Nisa, Shaban Shahzad, Syed Minhaj Saleem Kazmi, and Muhammad Junaid Munir. 2023. "Impact of Compression Casting Technique on the Mechanical Properties of 100% Recycled Aggregate Concrete" Sustainability 15, no. 10: 8153. https://doi.org/10.3390/su15108153