Entrepreneurial Potential and Agribusiness Desirability among Youths in South Kivu, Democratic Republic of the Congo
Abstract
:1. Introduction
1.1. Entrepreneurial Potential (EP)
1.2. Agribusiness Desirability (AD)
1.3. Theoretical Framework and Literature Review between EP-AD
1.4. Socio-Economics and Demographics Factors and AD
2. Methodology
Reliability and Validity of the Measurement Scales
3. Results
3.1. Sample Distribution
3.2. Results from the Exploratory Factor Analysis
3.3. Effect of Socio-Economics Factors on Agribusiness Desirability
4. Discussion
5. Theoretical and Methodological Implications
6. Limitations
7. Conclusions and Recommendations
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Site Surveyed | Area | Female | Male | Total |
---|---|---|---|---|
Bukavu | Town | 18 | 42 | 60 (11.7%) |
Uvira | Town | 33 | 70 | 103 (20.0%) |
Kabare | Rural | 62 | 139 | 201 (39.1%) |
Walungu | Rural | 20 | 130 | 150 (29.2%) |
Total | 133 (25.9%) | 381 (74.1%) | 514 (100%) |
Criteria | PsyComp | StratComp | OrgComp | ComComp | OppComp |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
KMO | 0.793 | 0.749 | 0.842 | 0.760 | 0.700 |
Bartlett sphericity chi-square | 672.19 | 649.64 | 1366.61 | 582.18 | 701.11 |
Significance (p-value) | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Communality ranges | 0.517–0.729 | 0.537–0.752 | 0.572–0.686 | 0.562–0.641 | 0.601–0.756 |
Variable’s Description and Modalities | Acronyms | Count (N = 514) | Mean | Std. Dev |
---|---|---|---|---|
Gender/Male (dummy %) | GEND | 381 | 74 | 43.8 |
Years old (Mean year) | AGE | 514 | 25 | 3.57 |
Married (dummy %) | MARISTAT | 109 | 79 | 40.9 |
Years of formal education (Mean years) | EDUC | 514 | 16 | 2.08 |
Membership community association (dummy %) | ASSOC | 216 | 42 | 49.4 |
Monthly income (Mean USD) | INCOME | 471 | 69 | 64 |
Parental support financially on youth income (Mean rate %) | PARSUPPORT | 373 | 53.4 | 32.5 |
Land proportion owned (Mean ha) | OWNLAND | 223 | 0.63 | 0.520 |
Parents involved in farming activities (dummy %) | PARENTFARM | 286 | 56 | 49.7 |
Awareness of emerging Agriculture initiatives (dummy %) | AWAREAGRI | 424 | 83 | 38 |
Enrolment in Agriculture training (dummy %) | AGRITRAIN | 247 | 48 | 50 |
Living in rural area (dummy %) | RURALAREA | 351 | 68 | 46.6 |
Agriculture as a source of youth employment (dummy %) | AGRISOURCE | 478 | 93 | 25.5 |
Psychological competency (Mean) | PSYCOMP | 514 | 3.56 | 0.529 |
Strategic competency (Mean) | STRCOMP | 514 | 3.27 | 0.531 |
Organizational competency (Mean) | ORGCOMP | 514 | 3.54 | 0.511 |
Communicative competence (Mean) | COMCOMP | 514 | 3.57 | 0.609 |
Opportunistic competency (Mean) | OPPCOMP | 514 | 3.02 | 0.656 |
Agribusiness desirability (Mean) | AD | 514 | 3.66 | 0.483 |
EP competencies | Components | Communality | Eigen Values | TVD | TVC | αCronbach | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Strategic Competency. | Accountability | Planning ability | |||||
I know how to read and analyze a balance sheet and draw conclusions | 0.800 | 0.657 | 2.579 | 35.40 | 63.21 | 0.733 | |
I can use ratios, indicators, and operating reports to analyze firm performance | 0.754 | 0.611 | |||||
I can calculate costs, cost prices, and margins | 0.803 | 0.673 | |||||
I usually work toward specific goals I have set for myself | 0.867 | 0.752 | 1.214 | 27.81 | |||
I often visualize the successfully performing of a task before I do it | 0.620 | 0.537 | |||||
I always plan before doing anything | 0.747 | 0.563 | |||||
Psychological competency | Self-efficacy | Motivation to progress | |||||
If someone opposes me, I can find the means and ways to get what I want | 0.842 | 0.729 | 2.737 | 42.59 | 62.38 | 0.758 | |
I am confident that I could deal efficiently with unexpected events | 0.754 | 0.605 | |||||
I can remain calm when facing difficulties because | 0.737 | 0.593 | |||||
I can usually handle whatever comes my way | 0.711 | 0.517 | |||||
I am willing to be my boss | 0.772 | 0.612 | 1.007 | 19.79 | |||
I am motivated to achieve my goals in life | 0.803 | 0.686 | |||||
Organizing competency | Financial Resources | Human Resources | |||||
It is easy for me to find money when needed | 0.762 | 0.572 | 3.578 | 44.72 | 62.47 | 0.813 | |
I always join my needs to my income | 0.786 | 0.681 | |||||
I can identify and meet a firm’s financial needs in the short and long term | 0.795 | 0.578 | |||||
My friends and relatives can easily borrow money from me | 0.772 | 0.607 | |||||
I am financially stable | 0.785 | 0.621 | |||||
It comes to me to delegate tasks | 0.708 | 0.669 | 1.420 | 17.75 | |||
I often invite my collaborators to give their opinions to find a solution | 0.825 | 0.647 | |||||
I gather support from my friends anytime it’s needed | 0.742 | 0.622 | |||||
Communicative Competence | Interaction and negotiation ability | ||||||
I am very clear when I am presenting ideas verbally | 0.770 | 0.593 | 2.445 | ||||
I always pay attention when someone talks to me | 0.803 | 0.645 | 71.73 | 0.788 | |||
I am always confident when negotiating to reach an agreement | 0.803 | 0.644 | |||||
I express my opinion when I do not understand the interlocutor | 0.750 | 0.562 | |||||
Opportunistic competency | Opportunity recognition | Creativity | |||||
I am always alert to business opportunities | 0.674 | 0.756 | 2.517 | 50.34 | 71.73 | 0.746 | |
I always identify a business opportunity that is not evident to others | 0.796 | 0.741 | |||||
I look for information about new ideas on products or services | 0.842 | 0.601 | |||||
It happened to me to write a scientific work | 0.845 | 0.771 | 1.070 | 21.39 | 0.746 | ||
I have initiated new things that provide satisfaction to people around me | 0.857 | 0.718 | |||||
Agribusiness desirability | Agribusiness desirability (AD) | ||||||
I desire agribusiness activities | 0.715 | 0.628 | 0.738 | ||||
I desire to engage in agribusiness in the future | 0.565 | 0.573 | 63.43 | ||||
Agribusiness is a passion for me | 0.832 | 0.704 | 5.074 | ||||
Agriculture is an acceptable way of life to me | 0.587 | 0.601 | |||||
I can achieve my goals thanks to agribusiness activities | 0.726 | 0.622 | |||||
I wish to venture into agribusiness | 0.692 | 0.571 | |||||
I can develop a successful agricultural business | 0.822 | 0.753 | |||||
Agribusiness is a source of employment for me | 0.762 | 0.623 |
1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | AVE | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
PSYCOMP (1) | 1 | 0.5 | |||||
STRCOMP (2) | 0.300 ** (0.09) | 1 | 0.5 | ||||
ORGCOMP (3) | 0.539 ** (0.29) | 0.363 ** (0.13) | 1 | 0.6 | |||
COMCOMP (4) | 0.467 ** (0.22) | 0.276 ** (0.08) | 0.533 ** (0.28) | 1 | 0.6 | ||
OPPCOMP (5) | 0.164 ** (0.03) | 0.137 ** (0.02) | 0.260 ** (0.07) | 0.195 ** (0.04) | 1 | 0.5 | |
AD (6) | 0.391 ** (0.15) | 0.213 ** (0.05) | 0.436 ** (0.19) | 0.293 ** (0.09) | 0.166 ** (0.03) | 1 | 0.4 |
Variables | Obs | Min | Max | Male | Female | Urban | Rural | % | (z-Stat) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Agribusiness desirability | 514 | 3.67 | 5 | 3.66 | 3.68 | 3.84 | 3.58 | 66.75 | (23.548) *** |
Psychological competencies | 514 | 2 | 5 | 3.56 | 3.57 | 3.86 | 3.42 | 64.25 | (23.548) *** |
Strategic competencies | 514 | 1 | 5 | 3.27 | 3.25 | 3.41 | 3.20 | 56.75 | (10.075) *** |
Organizing competencies | 514 | 2.25 | 5 | 3.54 | 3.54 | 3.90 | 3.37 | 63.50 | (23.681) *** |
Communication competencies | 514 | 2 | 5 | 3.59 | 3.56 | 3.90 | 3.42 | 64.50 | (20.044) *** |
Opportunist competencies | 514 | 1 | 5 | 3.00 | 3.07 | 3.31 | 2.89 | 50.75 | (0.895) |
Coefficients | Standard Deviation | (T Statistics) | |
---|---|---|---|
PsyComp -> AD | 0.190 | 0.058 | (3.272) *** |
StratComp -> AD | 0.010 | 0.049 | (0.194) |
OrgComp -> AD | 0.285 | 0.063 | (4.519) *** |
ComComp -> AD | 0.032 | 0.061 | (0.531) |
OppComp -> AD | 0.207 | 0.049 | (4.215) *** |
Saturated Model | Estimated Model | Acceptable Limit | |
---|---|---|---|
SRMR | 0.077 | 0.077 | <0.08 |
Chi-square | 1763.254 | 1763.254 | |
Chi-square/ddl | 3.464 | 3.464 | <5 |
Normed Fit Index (NFI) | 0.698 | 0.698 | 0 (worse) to 1 (perfect fit) |
R2 | 0.313 | Adjusted R Square | 0.307 |
AD | Coef. | St.Err. | t-value | [95% Conf | Interval] |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
GEND (Male) | −0.134 | 0.041 *** | −3.27 | −0.215 | −0.054 |
AGE | 0.008 | 0.007 | 1.26 | −0.005 | 0.022 |
MARISTAT | −0.018 | 0.05 | −0.36 | −0.117 | 0.08 |
EDUC | −0.026 | 0.009 *** | −2.88 | −0.044 | −0.008 |
ASSOC | 0.049 | 0.037 | 1.33 | −0.023 | 0.122 |
INCOME | 0 | 0 | 0.41 | 0 | 0 |
PARSUPPORT | 0 | 0.001 | −0.77 | −0.002 | 0.001 |
OWNLAND | 0.038 | 0.019 ** | 2.04 | 0.002 | 0.075 |
PARENTFARM | 0.203 | 0.038 *** | 5.29 | 0.128 | 0.278 |
AWAREAGRI | 0.178 | 0.05 *** | 3.58 | 0.081 | 0.275 |
AGRITRAIN | −0.003 | 0.039 | −0.08 | −0.08 | 0.074 |
AGRISOURCE | 0.232 | 0.069 *** | 3.34 | 0.096 | 0.368 |
RURALAREA | −0.065 | 0.049 | −1.31 | −0.161 | 0.032 |
PSYCOMP | 0.19 | 0.043 *** | 4.40 | 0.105 | 0.274 |
STRCOMP | −0.037 | 0.036 | −1.01 | −0.108 | 0.034 |
ORGCOMP | 0.269 | 0.054 *** | 5.02 | 0.164 | 0.374 |
COMCOMP | −0.004 | 0.039 | −0.10 | −0.081 | 0.073 |
OPPCOMP | 0.058 | 0.027 ** | 2.14 | 0.005 | 0.112 |
Constant | 0.375 | 0.012 *** | 32.06 | 0.352 | 0.398 |
Mean dependent var | 3.668 | SD dependent var | 0.483 | ||
Number of obs | 514.000 | Chi-square | 335.408 | ||
Prob > chi2 | 0.000 | Akaike crit. (AIC) | 490.830 |
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Simbeko, G.; Nguezet, P.-M.D.; Sekabira, H.; Yami, M.; Masirika, S.A.; Bheenick, K.; Bugandwa, D.; Nyamuhirwa, D.-M.A.; Mignouna, J.; Bamba, Z.; et al. Entrepreneurial Potential and Agribusiness Desirability among Youths in South Kivu, Democratic Republic of the Congo. Sustainability 2023, 15, 873. https://doi.org/10.3390/su15010873
Simbeko G, Nguezet P-MD, Sekabira H, Yami M, Masirika SA, Bheenick K, Bugandwa D, Nyamuhirwa D-MA, Mignouna J, Bamba Z, et al. Entrepreneurial Potential and Agribusiness Desirability among Youths in South Kivu, Democratic Republic of the Congo. Sustainability. 2023; 15(1):873. https://doi.org/10.3390/su15010873
Chicago/Turabian StyleSimbeko, Guy, Paul-Martin Dontsop Nguezet, Haruna Sekabira, Mastewal Yami, Serge Amato Masirika, Krishan Bheenick, Deogratias Bugandwa, Dieu-Merci Akonkwa Nyamuhirwa, Jacob Mignouna, Zoumana Bamba, and et al. 2023. "Entrepreneurial Potential and Agribusiness Desirability among Youths in South Kivu, Democratic Republic of the Congo" Sustainability 15, no. 1: 873. https://doi.org/10.3390/su15010873