Permanent Deformation and Breakage Response of Recycled Concrete Aggregates under Cyclic Loading Subject to Moisture Change
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Material
2.2. Testing Methods
2.2.1. Preparation of Samples
2.2.2. Compaction Test
2.2.3. Static and Cyclic Triaxial Tests
2.2.4. Coloring Technique to Characterize Particle Breakage
3. Results and Discussion
3.1. Particle Breakage after Compaction
3.2. Static Triaxial Test
3.3. Cyclic Triaxial Test
3.3.1. Permanent and Volumetric Axial Strains
3.3.2. Permanent Deformation Model
3.3.3. Particle Breakage after Cyclic Loading
4. Conclusions
- (1)
- The compaction moisture content has a significant effect on particle breakage. The results of both Marsal’s breakage ratio and mass reduction/accumulation showed that the particle breakage of RCA decreased with increasing moisture content.
- (2)
- The coloring technique introduced in this study showed that a coarse fraction of 9.5~4.75 mm was more breakable than the other fractions, mainly resulting in mass accumulations of fine fractions, suggesting a weak link in the particle size range, which needs to be adjusted.
- (3)
- The results from cyclic loading tests indicated that the moisture content of tested specimens had a considerable effect on the accumulation of permanent strain, and the increase in moisture content of tested specimens caused a decrease in stiffness, and consequently, an increase in permanent deformation in pavements.
- (4)
- Overall, the breakage and permanent deformation show opposite trends to each other.
- (5)
- Based on the experimental results, a model for evaluating a permanent axial strain was amended by newly incorporating it into a deviation factor induced by moisture content. The model fitted the experimental data well, suggesting that it would be useful to have a quantitative estimation of the permanent axial strain of RCA under cyclic loading.
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
Abbreviations
εa | Axial strain [%] |
σ3 | Confining pressure [kPa] |
σd | Deviatoric stress [kPa] |
σdmax | Maximum deviatoric stress [kPa] |
σdmin | Minimum deviatoric stress [kPa] |
εpa | Permanent axial strain [%] |
εpv | Permanent volumetric strain [%] |
εv | Volumetric strain [%] |
ΔWk | Change in weight retained [g] |
Wkf | Final weight retained [g] |
Wki | Initial weight retained [g] |
Br | Marsal’s breakage index (no.) |
m.c. | Moisture content [%] |
po | Normalizing stress [kPa] |
N | Number of cycles (no.) |
PSD | Particle size distribution |
RCA | Recycled concrete aggregate |
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Mold | Rammer | ||
---|---|---|---|
Height (cm) | 15 | Drop height (cm) | 45 |
Diameter (cm) | 7.5 | Weight (kg) | 4.5 |
Test Conditions | |
---|---|
Compaction energy [kJ/m3] | 2700 |
Moisture content [%] | 5.4, 6.9, 9.5, 11.56, 15 (15% for compaction only) |
Frequency [Hz] | 0.2 |
Number of cycles [Nos.] | 4000 |
Confining pressure [kPa] | 40, 70, 100 |
Max. cyclic deviatoric stress [kPa] | 450, 580, 850 |
Min. cyclic deviatoric stress [kPa] | 45, 58, 85 |
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Shah, S.K.H.; Uchimura, T.; Kawamoto, K. Permanent Deformation and Breakage Response of Recycled Concrete Aggregates under Cyclic Loading Subject to Moisture Change. Sustainability 2022, 14, 5427. https://doi.org/10.3390/su14095427
Shah SKH, Uchimura T, Kawamoto K. Permanent Deformation and Breakage Response of Recycled Concrete Aggregates under Cyclic Loading Subject to Moisture Change. Sustainability. 2022; 14(9):5427. https://doi.org/10.3390/su14095427
Chicago/Turabian StyleShah, Syed Kamran Hussain, Taro Uchimura, and Ken Kawamoto. 2022. "Permanent Deformation and Breakage Response of Recycled Concrete Aggregates under Cyclic Loading Subject to Moisture Change" Sustainability 14, no. 9: 5427. https://doi.org/10.3390/su14095427