Analysis of the Steps Cycle in the Action of Throwing in Competition in Men’s Elite Handball
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Participants
2.2. Instruments
2.3. Procedure
2.4. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Championship | Match | Phase | |
---|---|---|---|
ECh2018 | Denmark | Sweden | ½ final |
France | Spain | ½ final | |
France | Denmark | 3°–4° | |
Spain | Sweden | Final | |
WCh2019 | Germany | Norway | ½ final |
Denmark | France | ½ final | |
Germany | France | 3°–4° | |
Norway | Denmark | Final | |
ECh2020 | Norway | Croatia | ½ final |
Spain | Slovenia | ½ final | |
Slovenia | Norway | 3°–4° | |
Spain | Croatia | Final |
Criteria Name | Category Definition |
---|---|
Distance | -6-m zone (6 m): Throw performed with the last contact of the player out of the 6 m zone (±45° angle to the goal posts with the base line) and falling inside and/or invading the air space of the 6 m area. |
-Middle zone (6–9 m): Throw performed with the last contact of the player that performs the action in the middle zone set between the 6 and 9 m area, without invading the air space of the 6 m area. | |
-9 m zone (9 m): Throw performed with the last contact of the player out of the 9 m zone and falling inside or outside this area. | |
-7 m zone (7 m): Throw performed in the regulatory action of 7 m. | |
Middle-field zone (1/2): Throw performed with the last contact of the player in their own middle field. | |
Throwing technics | -Overarm throw: Throw performed with the arm above the head. |
-Hip throw: Throw performed with the arm at the height of the waist on the throwing arm side. | |
-Rectified: Throw performed with the arm leaning to the opposite side of the throwing arm. | |
-Back throw: Throw performed with his back towards the goal. | |
-Low throw: Throw performed with the hand below the knee. | |
-Front: Throw performed without overarm. | |
Throw height | -Jump throw: Throw performed in the air phase of the jump when the player is not in contact with the ground. |
-Stand throw: Throw performed when the player is in contact with the ground with one of his feet. | |
Throw speed | -Speed throw: Any other type of throwing that is not considered as skill throwing. |
-Skill throw: The player uses some sort of high-level technique such as a screw (throwing with effect), a topspin throw (a throw in which the ball in its air path changes its speed) and parabolic throwing. | |
Step cycle | -Zero step: A throw without using any step from the step cycle. |
-One step: Throw performed after taking a step. | |
-Two steps: Throw performed after taking two steps. | |
-Three steps: Throw performed after taking three steps. | |
-Flying: Throw performed when the ball is caught in the air and thrown before it touches the ground. | |
-More than three steps: Throw performed with more than three steps without being disciplined for this regulatory violation. | |
Foot | -Natural: Throw performed with the last contact of the player with the floor being with the opposite foot beside the executing arm. |
-Changed: Throw performed with the last contact of the player with the ground being with the foot of the same side of the executing arm. | |
-Two feet: Throw performed with the last contact of the player with the ground being with both feet simultaneously. | |
Results | -Goal: A throw that is granted as a goal by the referees due to exceeding the net line. |
-Out: A throw that is not touched by any player of the rival team and ends out of the net or hits the bars without being a goal. | |
-Blocked: A throw where the goalkeeper prevents the throw from ending up in the goal. | |
-Defense: Contact/action of the defender on the ball throw. |
Competition | Match/Team | Score | Throw | Effectiveness |
---|---|---|---|---|
European Championship 2018 | Spain Sweden | 29 | 46 | 63.04% |
23 | 39 | 58.97% | ||
France Denmark | 32 | 45 | 71.11% | |
29 | 45 | 64.44% | ||
France Spain | 23 | 38 | 60.53% | |
27 | 41 | 65.85% | ||
Denmark Sweden | 34 | 45 | 75.56% | |
35 | 56 | 62.50% | ||
World Championship 2019 | Norway Denmark | 22 | 42 | 52.38% |
31 | 43 | 72.09% | ||
Germany France | 25 | 40 | 62.50% | |
26 | 44 | 59.09% | ||
Denmark France | 38 | 48 | 79.17% | |
30 | 41 | 73.17% | ||
Germany Norway | 25 | 43 | 58.14% | |
31 | 37 | 83.78% | ||
European Championship 2020 | Spain Croatia | 22 | 30 | 73.33% |
20 | 29 | 68.97% | ||
Slovenia Norway | 20 | 38 | 52.63% | |
28 | 45 | 62.22% | ||
Norway Croatia | 28 | 47 | 59.57% | |
29 | 47 | 61.70% | ||
Spain Slovenia | 34 | 43 | 79.07% | |
32 | 41 | 78.05% | ||
ANOVA | 1.890 f 0.176 sig | 0.590 > 0.05 |
Steps Cycle | ||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Fly | Zero | One | Two | Three | More | Total | ||
Distance | 6 m | 9 (90%) ** | 53 (30.5%) *** | 149 (54.8%) ** | 138 (44.2%) | 86 (38.6%) | 9 (40.9%) | 444 (43.83%) |
7 m | - | 93 (53.4) | - | - | - | - | 93 (9.18%) | |
6–9 m | 1 (10%) | 11 (6.3%) | 53 (19.5%) | 73 (23.4%) | 80 (35.9%) *** | 12 (54%) *** | 229 (22.61%) | |
9 m | - | 11 (6.3%) | 64 (23.5%) | 93 (29.8%) *** | 53 (23.8%) | 1 (4.5%) | 223 (22.01%) | |
½ | 6 (3.4%) | 6 (2.2%) | 8 (2.6) | 4 (1.8%) | - | 24 (2.37%) | ||
Throwing technics | Hip | - | 4 (2.3%) | 16 (5.9%) | 16 (5.1%) | 13 (5.8%) | 1 (4.5%) | 50 (4.94%) |
Normal | 10 (100%) | 166 (95%) | 254 (93.4%) | 291 (93.3%) | 207 (92.8%) | 21 (95.5%) | 949 (93.68%) | |
Front | - | 1 (0.6%) | - | - | - | - | 1 (0.1%) | |
Back | - | 1 (0.6%) | - | 1 (0.3) | 1 (0.4%) | - | 3 (0.3%) | |
Torsion | - | 2 (1.1%) | 2 (0.7%) | 4 (1.3%) | 2 (0.9%) | - | 10 (0.99%) | |
Throw height | Jump | 10 (100%) | 111 (63.8%) | 230 (84.6%) | 46 (14.7%) | 190 (85.2%) | 4 (18.2%) | 591 (58.34%) |
Step | - | 63 (36.2) | 42 (15.4%) | 266 (85.3%) | 33 (14.8%) | 18 (81.8%) | 422 (41.66%) | |
Throw speed | Fast | 9 (90%) | 165 (94.8) | 257 (94.5%) | 300 (96.2%) | 219 (98.3%) | 22 (100%) | 972 (95.95%) |
Slow | 1 (10%) | 9 (5.2%) | 15 (5.5%) | 12 (3.8%) | 4 (1.8%) | - | 41 (4.05%) | |
Foot | False | - | 7 (4%) | 20 (7.4%) | 35 (11.2%) | 10 (4.5%) | 6 (27.3%) *** | 78 (7.7) |
Two feet | 2 (20%) | 22 (12.6%) *** | 20 (7.4%) | 17 (5.4%) | 4 (1.85) | - | 65 (6.42%) | |
Natural | 8 (80%) | 145 (83.3%) | 232 (85.3%) | 260 (83.3%) | 209 (93.7%) *** | 16 (72.7%) | 870 (85.88%) | |
Result | Block | - | 2 (1.1%) | 12 (4.4%) | 19 (6.1%) | 10 (4.5%) | 1 (9.1%) | 44 (4.34%) |
Out | - | 11 (6.3%) | 22 (8.1%) | 34 (10.9%) | 21 (9.4%) | 4 (18.2%) | 92 (9.08%) | |
Goal | 9 (90%) | 126 (72.4%) | 166 (61%) | 176 (56.4%) | 141(63.2%) | 13 (59.1%) | 504 (49.75%) | |
Save | 1 (10%) | 35 (20.1%) | 72 (26.5%) | 83 (26.6%) | 51 (22.9%) | 3 (13.6%) | 245 (24.19%) | |
Total | 10 (0.99%) | 174 (17.18%) | 272 (26.85%) | 312 (30.8%) | 223 (22.01) | 22 (2.17%) | 1013 (100%) |
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Tuquet, J.; Cartón, A.; Marco-Contreras, L.A.; Mainer-Pardos, E.; Lozano, D. Analysis of the Steps Cycle in the Action of Throwing in Competition in Men’s Elite Handball. Sustainability 2022, 14, 5291. https://doi.org/10.3390/su14095291
Tuquet J, Cartón A, Marco-Contreras LA, Mainer-Pardos E, Lozano D. Analysis of the Steps Cycle in the Action of Throwing in Competition in Men’s Elite Handball. Sustainability. 2022; 14(9):5291. https://doi.org/10.3390/su14095291
Chicago/Turabian StyleTuquet, Jaime, Antonio Cartón, Luis A. Marco-Contreras, Elena Mainer-Pardos, and Demetrio Lozano. 2022. "Analysis of the Steps Cycle in the Action of Throwing in Competition in Men’s Elite Handball" Sustainability 14, no. 9: 5291. https://doi.org/10.3390/su14095291