Drina Transboundary Biosphere Reserve—Opportunities and Challenges of Sustainable Conservation
Abstract
:1. Introduction
- The core area(s) comprises a strictly protected ecosystem that contributes to the conservation of landscapes, ecosystems, species, and genetic variation;
- The buffer zone(s) surrounds or adjoins the core areas, and is used for activities compatible with sound ecological practices that can reinforce scientific research, monitoring, training, and education;
- The transition area is the part of the reserve where the greatest activity is allowed, fostering economic and human development that is socio-culturally and ecologically sustainable [3].
2. Materials and Methods
3. Results
3.1. Geostrategic Framework
Republic of Serbia | Bosnia and Herzegovina | ||
---|---|---|---|
Inter-Entity Environmental Body | |||
Commission to Preserve National Monuments | |||
Republic of Srpska | Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina | Brčko District | |
Ministry of Agriculture, Forestry and Water Management | Ministry of Spatial Planning, Construction, and Ecology | Federal Ministry of Environment and Tourism | Department for Spatial Planning and Property Relations |
Ministry of Environmental Protection | Ministry of Agriculture, Forestry and Water Management | Federal Ministry of Spatial Planning | Department of Agriculture, Forestry and Water Management |
Ministry of Culture and the Media | Ministry of Education and Culture | Federal Ministry of Agriculture, Water Management and Forestry | |
Ministry of Trade, Tourism, and Telecommunications | Republic Institute for the Protection of Cultural, Historical, and Natural Heritage | Federal Institute for the Protection of Monuments | |
Ministry of Public Administration and Local Self-Government | Republic Hydrometeorological Institute | Federal Institute of Geology | |
Institute for Nature Conservation of Serbia | Environmental Protection Fund | Federal Hydrometeorological Institute | |
Institute for the Protection of Cultural Monuments of Serbia—Belgrade | |||
Serbian Environmental Protection Agency |
3.2. TBR Drina
- I degree of protection—strict protection is ensured with the possibility of population management, which enables the spontaneous development of natural succession and other ecological processes, the preservation of habitats, living communities, and populations of plants and animals in wild conditions, with insignificant influence and human presence, except for scientific research and controlled education.
- II degree of protection—active protection is provided, which enables limited and controlled use of natural resources and cultural heritage, while activities in the area can be carried out to the extent that enables the improvement of the state and presentation of the protected area, without consequences for its primary value.
- III degree of protection—protection is provided which enables selective and limited use of natural resources and allows controlled interventions and activities in the area, if they are aligned with the management goals of the protected area or following the inherited traditional forms of performing economic activities and housing, including tourist construction.
Zones of Protection | NP Tara | NP Drina | ||
---|---|---|---|---|
Area in Ha | % | Area in Ha | % | |
I degree of protection | 3323.92 | 13.35 | 860.93 | 13.63 |
II degree of protection | 8514.39 | 34.07 | 2440.35 | 38.64 |
III degree of protection | 13,153.51 | 52.58 | 3014.04 | 47.73 |
Total protected area | 24,991.82 | 100.00 | 6315.32 | 100.00 |
3.2.1. Natural Conditions
- The area of the NP Tara represents the selected area for daily butterflies in Serbia and was proclaimed as a Prime Butterfly Area (PBA);
- The broader area of NP Tara has been identified as an Important Bird Area (IBA);
- The broader area of NP Tara has been identified as an Important Plants Area (IPA);
- The Tara area was identified as a significant area within the EMERALD Network;
- and the area NP Tara is recognized as a significant area within the NATURA 2000 ecological network under the Habitats Directive and the Birds Directive [32].
3.2.2. Cultural-Historical Conditions
3.2.3. Socio-Economic Conditions
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
- Urbanization of the area;
- Demographic depopulation of the area and age structure of the population;
- Abandonment of traditional activities;
- Lack of infrastructure;
- Development of inadequate forms of tourism;
- Unlawful use of natural resources.
- Establishing and harmonizing common interests and strategic development;
- Linking and improving common natural resources;
- Development of the protection of the environmental system;
- Preservation and presentation of cultural and historical values;
- Development of infrastructure that will contribute to a simpler flow of goods and people;
- Sustainable development of the area and creation of conditions for the improvement of the quality of life and work of the local population through the promotion of traditional activities (rural tourism, eco-tourism, ethno-tourism);
- Fostering cooperation between citizens, and cultural and public institutions through the realization of joint regional projects;
- Monitoring, scientific observation, and appropriate education;
- Harmonization of all spatial or developmental plans, which should be based on the principles and laws of European regionalism.
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
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Medar-Tanjga, I.; Živak, N.; Ivkov-Džigurski, A.; Rajčević, V.; Mišlicki Tomić, T.; Čolić, V. Drina Transboundary Biosphere Reserve—Opportunities and Challenges of Sustainable Conservation. Sustainability 2022, 14, 16733. https://doi.org/10.3390/su142416733
Medar-Tanjga I, Živak N, Ivkov-Džigurski A, Rajčević V, Mišlicki Tomić T, Čolić V. Drina Transboundary Biosphere Reserve—Opportunities and Challenges of Sustainable Conservation. Sustainability. 2022; 14(24):16733. https://doi.org/10.3390/su142416733
Chicago/Turabian StyleMedar-Tanjga, Irena, Neda Živak, Anđelija Ivkov-Džigurski, Vesna Rajčević, Tanja Mišlicki Tomić, and Vukosava Čolić. 2022. "Drina Transboundary Biosphere Reserve—Opportunities and Challenges of Sustainable Conservation" Sustainability 14, no. 24: 16733. https://doi.org/10.3390/su142416733
APA StyleMedar-Tanjga, I., Živak, N., Ivkov-Džigurski, A., Rajčević, V., Mišlicki Tomić, T., & Čolić, V. (2022). Drina Transboundary Biosphere Reserve—Opportunities and Challenges of Sustainable Conservation. Sustainability, 14(24), 16733. https://doi.org/10.3390/su142416733