Opportunities and Challenges from Symbiosis of Agro-Industrial Residue Anaerobic Digestion with Microalgae Cultivation
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Digestate and Microalgal Culture
2.2. Experimental Setup
- bicarbonate, added to provide the optimum carbon to nitrogen ratio (C/N) of 100:20;
- bicarbonate, to ensure a carbon-excess condition (C/N = 300:20);
- CO2 from air, via the free surface;
- CO2 from air, via air flushing at 300 mLair min−1
2.3. Analytical Methods
3. Results
3.1. Bicarbonate as Carbon Source
3.2. CO2 as Carbon Source
3.3. Nitrogen Source: Ammonium vs. Nitrates
3.4. Liquid Fraction of the Digestate as Nitrogen Source
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Strain | Digestate Source | Pretreatment | Feeding Mode | Biomass Production | Nitrogen Removal Efficiency | Refs. |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Chlorella pyrenoidosa | Starch wastewater | Filtration Sterilization Dilution | Batch | 3.01 g/L | TN 91.6% | [11] |
Chlorella pyrenoidosa | Starch processing wastewater | Precipitation Filtration | Batch | 2.05 g/L | TN 83.1% | [12] |
Chlorella pyrenoidosa | Municipal wastewater Dairy wastewater | Centrifugation | Batch | 0.6–0.7 g/L | NO3− 72–89% NH4+ 90–91% | [13] |
Desmodemus sp. | Pig manure | Filtration Dilution | Batch | 0.412 g/L | TN: 100% | [6] |
Chlorella vulgaris | Dairy manure | Dilution | Semicontinuous | 0.760 g L−1 | TN: 93.6% NH4+: 100% | [14] |
Chlorella vulgaris | Municipal wastewater | NP | Batch (membrane reactor) | 39 mg L−1d−1 | TN: 56% | [15] |
Chlorella Phormidium sp. | Dairy wastewater | NR | Batch (biofilm reactor) | 3.1 g m−2d−1 | TN: 94% | [16] |
C. vulgaris, Scenedesmus obliquus, Neochloris oleoabundans | NR | Sterilization; Filtration | Batch | 0.01–0.06 gL−1d−1 | TN: 76.0% | [17] |
Test Code | Carbon Source | Nitrogen Source | C/N Ratio | Nitrogen Concentration |
---|---|---|---|---|
C1 | NaHCO3 | NaNO3 | 100:20 | 250 mg NaNO3 L−1 41 mgN L−1 |
C2 | NaHCO3 | NaNO3 | 300:20 | 250 mg NaNO3 L−1 41 mgN L−1 |
C3 | Air (CO2), free surface | NaNO3 | - | 250 mg NaNO3 L−1 41 mgN L−1 |
C4 | Air (CO2), flushing | NaNO3 | - | 250 mg NaNO3 L−1 41 mgN L−1 |
N | Air (CO2), flushing | NH4Cl | 146 mg NH4Cl L−1 41 mgN L−1 | |
D | Air (CO2), flushing | Digestate | 15 mL digestate 41 mgN L−1 |
Test Code (N-Source) | Total Nitrogen Removal [%] | Ammoniacal Nitrogen Removal [%] | Nitric Nitrogen Removal [%] | Biomass Production [gTSS L−1] |
---|---|---|---|---|
C4 (NaNO3) | 62 ± 20 | - | 62 ± 20 | 1.53 ± 0.01 |
N (NH4Cl) | 96 ± 1 | 100 ± 0.00 | 60 ± 1 | 1.61 ± 0.01 |
D (Diegstate) | 98.5 ± 1 | 100 ± 0.00 | 93 ± 1 | 0.65 ± 0.04 |
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Policastro, G.; Cesaro, A.; Fabbricino, M.; Pirozzi, F. Opportunities and Challenges from Symbiosis of Agro-Industrial Residue Anaerobic Digestion with Microalgae Cultivation. Sustainability 2022, 14, 15607. https://doi.org/10.3390/su142315607
Policastro G, Cesaro A, Fabbricino M, Pirozzi F. Opportunities and Challenges from Symbiosis of Agro-Industrial Residue Anaerobic Digestion with Microalgae Cultivation. Sustainability. 2022; 14(23):15607. https://doi.org/10.3390/su142315607
Chicago/Turabian StylePolicastro, Grazia, Alessandra Cesaro, Massimiliano Fabbricino, and Francesco Pirozzi. 2022. "Opportunities and Challenges from Symbiosis of Agro-Industrial Residue Anaerobic Digestion with Microalgae Cultivation" Sustainability 14, no. 23: 15607. https://doi.org/10.3390/su142315607