Depopulated and Abandoned Areas in Serbia in the 21st Century—From a Local to a National Problem
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Literature Review
3. Methodology
- Recent abandonment (RA)—the farm is not used. Cultivated plants are replaced by natural vegetation depending on climatic and pedological characteristics (cadastral municipalities with 10 or fewer inhabitants).
- Neglect or hidden abandonment (N)—the land is not formally abandoned and there are some forms of management. The farm is used extensively for social reasons or is intended for other functions such as storage or tourism (cadastral municipalities of 11 to 20 inhabitants).
- Transitional abandonment (TA)—caused by agricultural restructuring and land reforms (more than 20 inhabitants). In the case when two or more cadastral municipalities merge into a common space, we can consider such a phenomenon as an abandoned cluster (C0). For the purposes of this work, we proposed the homogenization index of the abandoned space (A0). We designed the homogenization index as a simple indicator that will quantitatively show the dominance (pattern) of abandoned land in relation to other land in a certain territory (e.g., in the administrative areas of a country). We studied abandoned clusters as islands where vegetation regenerates without human influence. The homogenization index is calculated according to the following equation:
4. Results
- Broad-leaved forest—(decrease from 918.8 km2—1990 to 908.1 km2—2018: decrease of 1.1%). The largest growth of deciduous forests was in the abandoned areas of the Pčinski district, and the largest decrease was in Jablanički, where problems with illegal logging occur. The average minimum reduction in areas under deciduous forests is a consequence of the exploitation of firewood and technical wood, especially from the territory of villages on the Pasjača, Radan and Rogozna mountains—along the administrative line with Kosovo and Metohija. In the Land Security Zone (LSZ), a so-called military belt around the administrative line of Central Serbia towards Kosovo and Metohija, which has a special status, the largest illegal forest cutting in Serbia occurred during the last 22 years. On the territory of forest state properties (Leskovac, Vranje, Raška, Kruševac and Kuršumlija), which also include abandoned areas in the Jablanički, Toplički, Raški and Rasina districts, in the period 1999–2021, 688.15 m3 of forest was illegally cut down. In the period 2015–2020 in forest properties, which also include abandoned clusters, 90,751 m3 (73% of the total illegally cut forest in Serbia) was illegally cut, 6604.82 ha (52% of all areas in Serbia) was affected by fires, and the total number of forest fires was 245 (50% of all fires in Serbia). In the same period, the frequency of forest fires increased from an average of 18 (2015–2016) to 52 (2017–2020) [63].
- Land principally occupied by agriculture (decrease from 153.3 km2 to 100.1 km2: decrease of 34.6%)—this category is experiencing a decline due to the abandonment of villages. In three districts, an increase in the area of this class was recorded, even though the villages were emptied. Cultivation of land in the Rasina, Pomoravski and Nišava districts, although depopulation has occurred, is a consequence of the leasing and cultivation of land by residents from other cadastral municipalities. In other districts, a decline was recorded due to the abandonment of the traditionally basic form of economy, mostly vegetable growing, fruit growing and wine growing. Data from the field show that once cultivated areas are gradually turning into transitional woodland.
- Transitional woodland (increase from 242.8 km2 to 290.7 km2: increase of 19.7%)—areas with bushy vegetation that supplants previously cultivated areas are increasing in almost all abandoned areas in 8 out of 10 districts. The biggest increase was in the Toplički district, which had the largest area of abandoned land. The correlation of the abandoned area with the growth of this class is significant and indicates permanently abandoned cadastral municipalities.
- Complex cultivation pattern (decrease from 88.5 km2 to 70.3 km2: decrease of 20.5%)—this class is traditionally very represented due to fragmented holdings typical of mountain villages in Serbia. After the abandonment of the village and the decline of agriculture, this class was in decline the most in the villages of the Pomoravski district where the population in the past was engaged in vegetable and arable farming. Zlatiborski and Jablanički districts recorded the least changes due to the large share of villages where animal husbandry was the dominant branch of agriculture.
- Coniferous forest (increase from 30.5 km2 to 37.9 km2: increase of 24.2%)—a class that is represented mostly above 1,000 m and, therefore, does not extend in all the investigated districts. The largest growth of coniferous forest was recorded in the Pirotski and Pčinjski districts, which is a consequence of the overgrowth of meadows at the highest forest belt. The largest decline in the area under conifers was recorded in the Jablanički district, which is a consequence of the already mentioned forest cutting and fires that affected the villages along the administrative line with Kosovo and Metohija.
- Mixed forest (increase from 32.3 km2 to 54.2 km2: increase of 67.8%)—this class recorded growth in abandoned areas of all districts where it appeared. Most often, it comprises mixed forests of beech, hornbeam, spruce and fir at the upper border of deciduous forests and the lower belt of coniferous forests. Mixed forests had the greatest growth in the same districts as conifers (Pirotski and Pčinjski). The smallest increase was recorded in the Jablanica and Toplica districts, which face illegal logging.
- Natural grassland (decrease from 87.4 km2 to 39.2 km2: decrease of 55.14%)—are perhaps the most important arable areas in abandoned villages, because most meadows were oriented towards cattle breeding. After the abandonment of animal husbandry, natural grassland grew into transitional woodland and similar classes. Natural grassland experienced an increase in areas where there was no growth of forest and transitional woodland, while agriculture land decreased (example of abandoned areas in Raški, Zaječarski and Jablanički districts). Natural grassland expanded across fields, orchards, vineyards and other previously cultivated land.
- Non-irrigated arable land (decrease from 6.7 km2 to 6.6 km2: decrease of 0.7%)—no significant change in these surfaces was recorded. In the researched clusters, due to the fact that the soils in the mountain lands are generally not irrigated, this class of land occupied a very small area. The largest increase in such areas was recorded in Pomoravski district and the largest decrease in the Jablanički and Toplički districts.
- Pastures (increase from 32.6 km2 to 37.6 km2: decrease of 15.1%)—is a category of natural areas under grass that were used by herders in high mountain villages. The expansion of natural pastures is limited or stimulated by the ecological conditions required by the specific grass species that make up the pastures. The increase in pastures is primarily due to natural bioclimatic factors in the last 30 years, such as an increase in average air temperature. The decrease in pastures is the result of overgrowing certain areas with shrubby and forest vegetation.
5. Discussion
6. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
- Saville, J. Rural Depopulation in England and Wales, 1851–1951; Routledge: London, UK, 2013; pp. 1–272. [Google Scholar]
- Hoggart, K. Uneven Demand: Depopulation, Repopulation and Housing Pressure. In A Contrived Countryside; Hoggart, K., Ed.; Springer: Cham, Switzerland, 2021; pp. 175–236. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Mickovic, B.; Mijanovic, D.; Spalevic, V.; Skataric, G.; Dudic, B. Contribution to the analysis of depopulation in rural areas of the Balkans: Case study of the Municipality of Niksic, Montenegro. Sustainability 2020, 12, 3328. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Martinović, M.; Ratkaj, I. Sustainable rural development in Serbia: Towards a quantitative typology of rural areas. Carpath. J. Earth Environ. Sci. 2015, 10, 37–48. [Google Scholar]
- Crow, H. Factors Influencing Rural Migration Decisions in Scotland: An Analysis of the Evidence; Scottish Government: Edinburgh, UK, 2010; pp. 1–69.
- Thissen, F.; Fortuijn, J.D.; Strijker, D.; Haartsen, T. Migration intentions of rural youth in the Westhoek, Flanders, Belgium and the Veenkoloniën, The Netherlands. J. Rural Stud. 2010, 26, 428–436. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Young, A. Inequality, the urban-rural gap, and migration. Q. J. Econ. 2013, 128, 1727–1785. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Odagiri, T. Rural Regeneration of Japan. Gyousei, Tokyo. 2001. Available online: https://www.ncl.ac.uk/media/wwwnclacuk/centreforruraleconomy/files/regeneration-japan.pdf (accessed on 14 April 2022).
- Margaras, V. Demographic Trends in EU Regions; European Parlament: Brussels, Belgium, 2019; pp. 1–12. [Google Scholar]
- Dolton-Thornton, N. Viewpoint: How should policy respond to land abandonment in Europe? Land Use Policy 2021, 102, 105269. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Lovén, I.; Hammarlund, C.; Nordin, M. Staying or leaving? The effects of university availability on educational choices and rural depopulation. Pap. Reg. Sci. 2020, 99, 1339–1365. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Bjerke, L.; Mellander, C. Moving home again? Never! The locational choices of graduates in Sweden. Ann. Reg. Sci. 2017, 59, 707–729. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Andersson, R.; Quigley, J.M.; Wilhelmsson, M. Urbanization, productivity, and innovation: Evidence from investment in higher education. J. Urban Econ. 2009, 66, 2–15. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Haapanen, M.; Böckerman, P. More educated, more mobile? Evidence from post-secondary education reform. Spat. Econ. Anal. 2017, 12, 8–26. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Li, Y.; Westlund, H.; Liu, Y. Why some rural areas decline while some others not: An overview of rural evolution in the world. J. Rural Stud. 2019, 68, 135–143. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- de Koning, J.; Hobbis, S.K.; McNeill, J.; Prinsen, G. Vacating place, vacated space? A research agenda for places where people leave. J. Rural Stud. 2021, 82, 271–278. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Rodríguez-Soler, R.; Uribe-Toril, J.; De Pablo Valenciano, J. Worldwide trends in the scientific production on rural depopulation, a bibliometric analysis using bibliometrix R-tool. Land Use Policy 2020, 97, 104787. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Perpina-Castillo, C.; Jacobs-Crisioni, C.; Diogo, V.; Lavalle, C. Modelling agricultural land abandonment in a fine spatial resolution multi-level land-use model: An application for the EU. Environ. Model. Softw. 2021, 136, 104946. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Kitano, S. Determinants of Farmland Abandonment and Its Data Problems. Land 2021, 10, 596. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Kuemmerle, T.; Hostert, P.; Radeloff, V.C.; van der Linden, S.; Perzanowski, K.; Kruhlov, I. Cross-border comparison of post-socialist farmland abandonment in the Carpathians. Ecosystems 2008, 11, 614–628. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Kuemmerle, T.; Olofsson, P.; Chaskovskyy, O.; Baumann, M.; Ostapowicz, K.; Woodcock, C.E.; Houghton, R.A.; Hostert, P.; Keeton, W.S.; Radeloff, V.C. Post-Soviet farmland abandonment, forest recovery, and carbon sequestration in western Ukraine. Glob. Change Biol. 2010, 17, 1335–1349. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- MacDonald, D.; Crabtree, J.R.; Wiesinger, G.; Dax, T.; Stamou, N.; Fleury, P.; Lazpita Gutierrez, J.; Gibon, A. Agricultural abandonment in mountain areas of Europe: Environmental consequences and policy response. J. Environ. Manag. 2000, 59, 47–69. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Lambin, E.F.; Geist, H.J. Land-Use and Land-Cover Change: Local Processes and Global Impacts; Springer: Berlin/Heidelberg, Germany, 2008; pp. 1–222. [Google Scholar]
- Müller, D.; Sikor, T. Effects of postsocialist reforms on land cover and land use in South-Eastern Albania. Appl. Geogr. 2006, 26, 175–191. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Liefbroer, A.C.; de Jong Gierveld, J. Standardization and Individualization: The Transition from Youth to Adulthood Among Cohorts Born between 1903 and 1965. In Population and Family in the Low Countries 1994; European Studies of Population; van den Brekel, H., Deven, F., Eds.; Springer: Dordrecht, The Netherlands, 1995; Volume 2, pp. 57–79. [Google Scholar]
- Wojewódzka-Wiewiórska, A. Depopulation in rural areas in Poland—Socio-economic local perspective. Res. Rural Dev. 2019, 2, 126–132. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Drudy, P.J. Depopulation in a prosperous agricultural sub-region. Reg. Stud. 1978, 12, 49–60. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Lasanta, T.; Arnáez, J.; Pascual, N.; Ruiz-Flaño, P.; Errea, M.P.; Lana-Renault, N. Space-time process and drivers of land abandonment in Europe. Catena 2017, 149, 810–823. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Reynaud, C.; Miccoli, S. Depopulation and the aging population: The relationship in Italian municipalities. Sustainability 2018, 10, 1004. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Viñas, C.D. Depopulation processes in European rural areas: A case study of Cantabria (Spain). Eur. Countrys. 2019, 11, 341–369. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- López-Sanz, J.M.; Penelas-Leguía, A.; Gutiérrez-Rodríguez, P.; Cuesta-Valiño, P. Sustainable development and rural tourism in depopulated areas. Land 2021, 10, 985. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Cabero, V. Espacio Agrario y Economía de Subsistencia en las Montañas Galaico-Leonesas; Institución “Fray Bernardino de Sahagún” (CSIC) y Ediciones de la Universidad de Salamanca: León, Spain, 1980; pp. 1–134. [Google Scholar]
- Rodríguez, F. La Organización Agraria de la Montaña Central Asturiana; Consejería de Educación, Cultura y Deportes: Oviedo, Spain, 1989; pp. 1–636. [Google Scholar]
- Cortizo, J.; Maya, A.; Redondo, J.M. Valdesamario—Un Enclave de la Montaña Leonesa; Imprenta Moderna: León, Spain, 1992; pp. 1–109. [Google Scholar]
- Badía, A.; Pélachs, A.; Vera, A.; Tulla, A.F.; Soriano, J.M. Cambios en los usos del suelo y cubiertas del suelo y los efectos en la vulnerabilidad en las comarcas de montaña de Cataluña. Del rol del fuego como herramienta de gestión a los incendios como amenaza. Pirin. Rev. Ecol. Mont. 2014, 169, e001. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Cocca, G.; Sturaro, E.; Gallo, L.; Ramanzin, M. Is the abandonment of traditional livestock farming systems the main driver of mountain change in Alpine areas. Land Use Policy 2012, 29, 878–886. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Pelorosso, R.; Leone, A.; Boccia, L. Land cover and land use change in the Italian central Apennines: A comparison of assessment methods. Appl. Geogr. 2009, 29, 35–48. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Kizos, T.; Koulouri, M.; Vakoufaris, H.; Psarrou, M. Preserving Characteristics of the Agricultural Landscape through Agri-Environmental Policies: The Case of Cultivation Terraces in Greece. Landsc. Res. 2010, 35, 577–593. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Petanidou, T.; Kizos, T.; Soulakellis, N. Socioeconomic Dimensions of Changes in the Agricultural Landscape of the Mediterranean Basin: A Case Study of the Abandonment of Cultivation Terraces on Nisyros Island, Greece. Environ. Manag. 2008, 41, 250–266. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Moore, R.H. Japanese Agriculture: Patterns of Rural Development; Westview Press: Boulder, CO, USA, 1990; pp. 1–337. [Google Scholar]
- Barret, G.; Okudaira, T. The Limits of Fishery Cooperatives? Community Development and Rural Depopulation in Hokkaido, Japan. Econ. Ind. Democr. 1995, 16, 201–232. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Liaw, K. Interprefectural migration and its effects on prefectural populations in Japan: An analysis based on the 1980 census. Can. Geogr. 1992, 36, 320–335. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Kinugasa, T.; Yamaguchi, M. Depopulation and importance of agriculture in Japan: Implications from the overlapping generations and general equilibrium growth accounting model. Econ. Financ. Res. 2013, 1, 60–74. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Verburg, P.H.; Overmars, K.P. Combining top-down and bottom-up dynamics in land use modeling: Exploring the future of abandoned farmlands in Europe with the Dyna-CLUE model. Landsc. Ecol. 2009, 24, 1167–1181. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Alcantara, C.; Kuemmerle, T.; Baumann, M.; Bragina, E.V.; Griffiths, P.; Hostert, P.; Knorn, J.; Muller, D.; Prishchepov, A.V.; Schierhorn, F.; et al. Mapping the extent of abandoned farmland in Central and Eastern Europe using MODIS time series satellite data. Environ. Res. Lett. 2013, 8, 035035. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Kiziridis, D.A.; Mastrogianni, A.; Pleniou, M.; Karadimou, E.; Tsiftsis, S.; Xystrakis, F.; Tsiripidis, I. Acceleration and Relocation of Abandonment in a Mediterranean Mountainous Landscape: Drivers, Consequences, and Management Implications. Land 2022, 11, 406. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Tasser, E.; Walde, J.; Tappeiner, U.; Teutsch, A.; Noggler, W. Land-use changes and natural reforestation in the Eastern Central Alps. Agric. Ecosyst. Environ. 2007, 118, 115–129. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Weekley, I. Rural depopulation and counterurbanisation: A paradox. Area 1988, 20, 127–134. [Google Scholar]
- Manojlović, S.; Sibinović, M.; Srejić, T.; Hadud, A.; Sabri, I. Agriculture land use change and demographic change in response to decline suspended sediment in Južna Morava River basin (Serbia). Sustainability 2021, 13, 3130. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Velojić, M.; Radovanović, O. Stanovništvo Stare Planine. Budžak; Kulturno-Prosvetna Zajednica Opštine Zaječar: Zaječar, Serbia, 2003. [Google Scholar]
- Martinović, M. Koritnjak—Abandoned Rural Settlement in the Beginning of 2002. Bull. Serb. Geogr. Soc. 2004, 84, 71–78. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Martinović, M.; Šantić, D. Gabrovnica: Contribution to depopulation in Serbia. Bull. Serb. Geogr. Soc. 2006, 86, 187–194. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Milivojević, M.; Ćalić, J.; Milošević, M.V. Vukojevac—Primer „razgrađenog“ sela Srbije. Globus 2007, 32, 301–308. [Google Scholar]
- Milošević, M.; Milivojević, M.; Ćalić, J. Posledice spontanog raseljavanja naselja na teritoriji Republike Srbije. Demogr. Pregl. 2008, 28, 3–4. [Google Scholar]
- Milošević, M.; Milivojević, M.; Ćalić, J. Spontaneously abandoned settlements in Serbia—Part 1. J. Geogr. Inst. Jovan Cvjić SASA 2010, 60, 39–57. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Milošević, M.; Milivojević, M.; Ćalić, J. Spontaneously abandoned settlements in Serbia—Part 2. J. Geogr. Inst. Jovan Cvjić SASA 2011, 61, 25–35. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Babović, S.; Lović-Obradović, S.; Prigunova, I. Depopulation of villages in southeastern Serbia as hindrance to economic development. J. Geogr. Inst. Jovan Cvjić SASA 2016, 66, 61–74. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Gatarić, D.; Djerčan, B.; Bubalo Živković, M.; Ostojić, M.; Manojlović, S.; Sibinović, M.; Lukić, T.; Jeftić, M.; Lutovac, M. Can Depopulation Stop Deforestation? The Impact of Demographic Movement on Forest Cover Changes in the Settlements of the South Banat District (Serbia). Front. Environ. Sci. 2022, 10, 897201. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Joksimović, M.; Golić, R. Indikatori za Određivanje Napuštenih Regija u Srbiji. In Zbornik Radova sa Međunarodnog Naučno-Stručnog Skupa Planska i Normativna Zaštita Prostora i Životne Sredine; Asocijacija Prostornih Planera Srbije, Geografski Fakultet, Univerzitet u Beogradu: Beograd, Serbia, 2017; pp. 135–143. [Google Scholar]
- Statistical Office of the Republic of Serbia. 2011 Census of Population, Households and Dwellings in the Republic of Serbia. In Comparative Overview of the Number of Populations in 1948, 1953, 1961, 1971, 1981, 1991, 2002 and 2011; Book No. 20; Statistical Office of the Republic of Serbia: Belgrade, Serbia, 2014. [Google Scholar]
- Keenleyside, C.; Tucker, G. Farmland Abandonment in the EU: An Assessment of Trends and Prospects; Institute for European Environmental Policy: London, UK, 2010; pp. 1–98. [Google Scholar]
- Javno preduzeće Srbijašume. Godišnji Izveštaj o Poslovanju Javnog Preduzeća za Gazdovanje Šumama “Srbijašume” za 2020. Godinu; Javno preduzeće Srbijašume: Beograd, Serbia, 2021; Available online: https://srbijasume.rs/ssume/wp-content/uploads/2021/06/Godisnji-izvestaj-o-poslovanju-za-2020.-godinu.pdf (accessed on 18 January 2022).
- SORS. Uporedni Pregled Broja Domaćinstava i Stanova 1948, 1953, 1961, 1971, 1981, 1991. 2002 i 2011; Republički Zavod za Statistiku: Beograd, Serbia, 2014. Available online: https://publikacije.stat.gov.rs/G2014/Pdf/G20144009.pdf (accessed on 20 January 2022).
- Drobnjaković, M.; Spalević, A. Naselja Srbije. In Geografija Srbije; Posebna Izdanja 91; Radovanović, M., Ed.; Geografski Institut “Jovan Cvijić” SANU: Beograd, Serbia, 2017; pp. 566–612. [Google Scholar]
- Bondžić, D. Između Ambicija i Iluzija: Nuklearna Politika Jugoslavije 1945–1990; Institut za savremenu istoriju: Beograd, Serbia, 2016; pp. 1–460. [Google Scholar]
- Sibinović, M.; Šantić, D.; Ratkaj, I.; Antić, M. Ruralni Prostor Opštine Knjaževac: Antropogeografske Osnove Razvoja; Narodna biblioteka „Njegoš“: Knjaževac, Serbia; Srpsko geografsko društvo: Beograd, Serbia, 2016; pp. 1–333. [Google Scholar]
- Dimović, S.; Vakanjac, B.; Jelić, I.V.; Rikalović, M.; Ristić-Vakanjac, V.; Banković, R. Assessment of Environmental Radioactivity and Health Hazard at Stara Planina Region. Nucl. Technol. Radiat. Prot. 2020, 35, 354–360. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Nikolov, J.; Forkapić, S.; Hansman, J.; Bikit, I.; Vesković, M.; Todorović, N.; Mrđa, D.; Bikit, K. Natural Radioactivity Around Former Uranium Mine, Gabrovnica in Eastern Serbia. J. Radioanal. Nucl. Chem. 2014, 302, 477–482. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Tanić, M.N.; Momčilović, M.Z.; Kovačević, J.R.; Dragović, S.D.; Bačić, G.G. Assessment of Radiation Exposure Around Abandoned Uranium Mining Area of Stara Planina Mt., Serbia. Nucl. Technol. Radiat. Prot. 2014, 29, 58–66. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Statistical Office of the Republic of Serbia. 2011 Census of Population, Households and Dwellings in the Republic of Serbia. In Age and Sex—Data by Settlements; Book No. 2; Statistical Office of the Republic of Serbia: Belgrade, Serbia, 2012. [Google Scholar]
- Agromedia. Izbrisano sa Mape: Kako je Nestalo Srpsko Selo Vukojevac? Available online: https://www.agromedia.rs/zivot-na-selu/price-sa-sela/izbrisano-sa-mape-kako-je-nestalo-srpsko-selo-vukojevac/?_rstr_nocache=rstr37162728dcf282dd (accessed on 29 May 2022).
- Ivanović, M. Top Novosti. Kuršumlija i Toplica na Mapi Kriznih Žarišta. 2016. Available online: https://www.topnovosti.rs/kursumlija-i-toplica-na-mapi-kriznih-zarista/ (accessed on 3 June 2022).
- Veljković, A.; Jovanović, R.; Tošić, B. Gradovi Srbije—Centri Razvoja u Mreži Naselja; Posebna Izdanja, Knjiga 44; Geografski Institut „Jovan Cvijić“ SANU: Beograd, Serbia, 1995. [Google Scholar]
- Kostić, L. Novosti Dana. Koritnjak kod Niške Banje—Selo Duhova. 2008. Available online: http://www.novostidana.rs/koritnjak-kod-niske-banje-selo-duhova/ (accessed on 6 May 2022).
- Marjanović, D.; Đukić, M. Western Balkan Countries as an Attractive Investment Destination. Econ. Anal. J. Emerg. Econ. 2020, 53, 109–120. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Milovanović, G.; Radisavljević, G.; Đukić, G. Dependence of Serbian Economic Development on Foreign Direct Investment Flows. Ekonomika 2018, 64, 33–42. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Ratkaj, I.; Sibinović, M.; Manić, E. FDI in Serbia. In Foreign Direct Investment in the Successor States of Yugoslavia; Deichmann, J.I., Ed.; Springer: Cham, Switzerland, 2021; pp. 23–50. [Google Scholar]
- Šabić, D.; Vujadinović, S.; Milinčić, M.; Golić, R.; Stojković, S.; Joksimović, M.; Filipović, D.; Šećerov, V.; Dimitrijević, D. The Impact of FDI on the Transitional Economy in Serbia—Changes and Challenges. Acta Polytech. Hung. 2012, 9, 65–84. [Google Scholar]
- García-Casarejos, N.; Sáez-Pérez, L.A. Internships for Higher Education Students to Promote the Local Sustainability of Rural Places. Sustainability 2020, 12, 4926. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Petovar, K. Imovinska sigurnost žena je uslov opstanka seoskih naselja u Srbiji. Evropske Sves. 2017, 10, 4–14. [Google Scholar]
- Zarzo, J.L.B.; Sebastián, J.P.; Martínez, N.M. Fighting against depopulation in inland Spain. Alternatives from Art, Design and Architecture. Agathón Int. J. Archit. Art Des. 2020, 8, 138–147. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Jovanović-Šljukić, T. Empty Spaces of Serbia. Kultura 2010, 129, 369–400. [Google Scholar]
- Statistical Office of the Republic of Serbia. 2011 Census of Population, Households and Dwellings in the Republic of Serbia. In Number and Size of Hausing Units—Data by Settlements; Book No. 22; Statistical Office of the Republic of Serbia: Belgrade, Serbia, 2013. [Google Scholar]
- Ristić, B. Zaglavak u Uspomenama; Narodna biblioteka “Njegoš”: Knjaževac, Serbia, 2016; pp. 1–106. [Google Scholar]
- Diaz-Sarachaga, J.M. Combining Participatory Processes and Sustainable Development Goals to Revitalize a Rural Area in Cantabria (Spain). Land 2020, 9, 412. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Ministry of Construction, Transport and Infrastructure. Spatial Plan of the Republic of Serbia Since 2021 Until 2035—Draft; Ministry Construction, Transport and Infrastructure: Belgrade, Serbia, 2021.
- Ministarstvo za Brigu o Selu. Konkurs za Dodelu Bespovratnih Sredstava za Kupovinu Seoske Kuće sa Okućnicom na Teritoriji Republike Srbije za 2021. Godinu; Vlada Republike Srbije, Ministrastvo za Brigu o Selu: Beograd, Serbia, 2021. Available online: https://www.mbs.gov.rs/latinica/konkursi.php (accessed on 19 May 2022).
- Joksimović, M.; Golić, R. Depopulacioni prostori u Srbiji u 21. veku—Od lokalnog do nacionalnog problema. In Planska i Normativna Zaštita Prostora i Životne Sredine; Filipović, D., Šećerov, V., Đorđević, D., Eds.; Asocijacija prostornih planera Srbije, Geografski Fakultet, Univerzitet u Beogradu: Beograd, Serbia, 2021; pp. 79–85. [Google Scholar]
District | Total Land Area (km2) | Total Population 1991 | Total Population 2011 | N | NC0 | A (km2) | %A of the District | D (inh/km2) | Land Use Change 1990–2018 (%) | ||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
(km2) | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | ||||||||
Zlatiborski | 6140 | 335,826 | 286,549 | 9 | 2 | 83.37 | 1.35 | 0.71 | −1.5 | −2.0 | −4.2 | −2.3 | 32.7 | 10.9 | −9.7 | −58.8 | 150.5 |
Raški | 3923 | 300,274 | 309,258 | 33 | 6 | 224.91 | 5.74 | 2.66 | −3.8 | −17.7 | 15.9 | −20.1 | −6.4 | 37.4 | 91.8 | 91.8 | −48.3 |
Rasinski | 2668 | 283,108 | 241,999 | 2 | 0 | 5.8 | 0.21 | 5.69 | 7.9 | 24.6 | 0.0 | −26.1 | - | - | - | 100.0 | 0.0 |
Pomoravski | 2614 | 264,108 | 214,536 | 2 | 0 | 12.51 | 0.47 | 2.88 | 0.1 | 47.6 | 100.0 | −96.5 | - | - | - | 100.0 | −78.3 |
Toplički | 2231 | 111,813 | 91,754 | 36 | 6 | 285.64 | 12.8 | 1.68 | −1.6 | −49.7 | 123.7 | −24.0 | −33.3 | 13.4 | −11.4 | −78.1 | 6.3 |
Nišavski | 2728 | 396,043 | 376,319 | 4 | 0 | 23.62 | 0.86 | 1.65 | −1.3 | 1.2 | 35.5 | −16.5 | - | 100.0 | 0.0 | −100.0 | 0.0 |
Zaječarski | 3624 | 158,131 | 119,967 | 14 | 1 | 204.84 | 5.65 | 0.65 | 0.5 | −66.4 | 12.0 | −29.6 | 62.1 | 60.8 | 54.1 | - | - |
Pirotski | 2761 | 116,926 | 92,479 | 46 | 7 | 318.39 | 11.53 | 1.35 | −0.2 | −37.4 | 33.2 | −26.1 | 1114.0 | 252.8 | −7.9 | 11.2 | 29.4 |
Jablanički | 2770 | 255,011 | 216,304 | 16 | 2 | 122.35 | 4.41 | 1.14 | −38.9 | −64.1 | 0.5 | −11.1 | −42.5 | 8.1 | 55.0 | −74.6 | −14.2 |
Pčinjski | 2761 | 243,529 | 159,081 | 35 | 8 | 259.43 | 7.37 | 1.56 | 17.9 | 24.3 | −9.9 | −31.9 | 727.9 | 303.2 | 7.1 | 1.8 | 120.3 |
Total/average: | 32,979 | 2,464,769 | 2,108,246 | 197 | 32 | 1540.8 | 1.98 | 2.00 | −1.1 | −34.6 | 19.7 | −20.5 | 24.2 | 67.8 | −55.1 | −0.7 | −15.1 |
Publisher’s Note: MDPI stays neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations. |
© 2022 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).
Share and Cite
Živanović, V.; Joksimović, M.; Golić, R.; Malinić, V.; Krstić, F.; Sedlak, M.; Kovjanić, A. Depopulated and Abandoned Areas in Serbia in the 21st Century—From a Local to a National Problem. Sustainability 2022, 14, 10765. https://doi.org/10.3390/su141710765
Živanović V, Joksimović M, Golić R, Malinić V, Krstić F, Sedlak M, Kovjanić A. Depopulated and Abandoned Areas in Serbia in the 21st Century—From a Local to a National Problem. Sustainability. 2022; 14(17):10765. https://doi.org/10.3390/su141710765
Chicago/Turabian StyleŽivanović, Vedran, Marko Joksimović, Rajko Golić, Vladimir Malinić, Filip Krstić, Marko Sedlak, and Aleksandar Kovjanić. 2022. "Depopulated and Abandoned Areas in Serbia in the 21st Century—From a Local to a National Problem" Sustainability 14, no. 17: 10765. https://doi.org/10.3390/su141710765
APA StyleŽivanović, V., Joksimović, M., Golić, R., Malinić, V., Krstić, F., Sedlak, M., & Kovjanić, A. (2022). Depopulated and Abandoned Areas in Serbia in the 21st Century—From a Local to a National Problem. Sustainability, 14(17), 10765. https://doi.org/10.3390/su141710765