Sky Gardens, Public Spaces and Urban Sustainability in Dense Cities: Shenzhen, Hong Kong and Singapore
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Sky Gardens as Public Spaces for Sustainable Dense Cities
3. Methodological Approach
3.1. Data Collection and Processing
3.1.1. Formulate an Analysis Model
3.1.2. Data Collection
3.1.3. Analysis
3.1.4. Synthesis
3.2. The Sites: Shenzhen, Hong Kong and Singapore
4. Results
4.1. High-Rise Building Characteristic of Sky Gardens
4.2. Form Characteristic of Sky Gardens
4.2.1. Size Scale and Type
4.2.2. Configuration and Affordance
4.3. Openness Attributes of Sky Gardens by Cities
4.4. Geometric Characteristic of Sky Gardens
4.5. Factors on Development of Sky Gardens
5. Discussion and Conclusions
5.1. Government-Led Management and Control Measures Play an Important Role
5.2. High-Density Urban Environment Provides More Opportunities to Create Compact Vertical Greenery
5.3. Sky Gardens Are Complementary to the Green Space on the Ground for Foundational Activities
5.4. Size Scale, Configuration and Accessibility Are the Crucial Factors for the Sky Gardens Sustainable Development
5.5. Limitations and Future Research
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
Appendix A. Results of the Indicators Related to the Sky Garden
Indicator | Description of Indicator | N | Mean | S.D. | Variance |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
City | 1 = Shenzhen; 2 = Hong Kong; 3 = Singapore | 982 | 2.46 | 0.87 | 0.75 |
Floor | Floor of the high-rise building | 982 | 35.44 | 14.55 | 211.72 |
Site Area | Site Area of the high-rise building | 982 | 20,150.88 | 27,061.56 | 78,129.98 |
GFA | Gross Floor Area of the high-rise building | 982 | 13,628.49 | 49,333.52 | 501,529.03 |
Building Height | Height of the high-rise building | 982 | 149.43 | 57.38 | 3292.32 |
Year | Contributed year of the high-rise building | 982 | 2014.34 | 3.84 | 14.74 |
Type | 1 = podium gardens, 2 = sky courts, 3 = sky terraces, 4 = sky setbacks, 5 = sky bridges, 6 = roof gardens | 982 | 3.03 | 1.22 | 1.49 |
Size | Sky garden area | 982 | 277.17 | 773.34 | 98,059.70 |
Configuration | 1 = hollowed-out space, 2 = corner space, 3 = sided space, 4 = interstitial space, 5 = chimney, 6 = infill space, 7 = bridge space, 8 = full space | 982 | 2.34 | 1.37 | 1.87 |
Accessibility | 1 = low, access from inside the space; 2 = medium, access via public spaces; 3 = high, direct access via stairs and lifts | 982 | 1.79 | 0.76 | 0.58 |
Privacy | 1 = low, used by the public; 2 = medium, used by residents or staff (communal); 3 = high, privately owned | 982 | 2.20 | 0.66 | 0.43 |
Permeability | 1 = low, not openness to cities and buildings; 2 = medium, openness to cities or buildings; 3 = high, openness to cities and buildings | 982 | 2.86 | 0.41 | 0.17 |
Floor Area | Floor area where the sky garden is located | 982 | 2645.15 | 2407.80 | 97,488.88 |
OSR | 982 | 0.12 | 0.21 | 0.04 | |
Located Height | The sky garden’s Located Height | 982 | 67.13 | 44.94 | 2019.20 |
HSB | 982 | 0.46 | 0.24 | 0.06 | |
Façade Area | Sky garden Façade Area | 982 | 157.53 | 262.41 | 68,859.55 |
Floor Façade Area | Floor Façade Area where the sky garden is located | 982 | 546.75 | 706.85 | 499,636.59 |
VSR | 982 | 0.33 | 0.27 | 0.07 | |
Perimeter | Sky garden perimeter | 982 | 83.71 | 79.07 | 6251.77 |
SI | 982 | 1.20 | 1.11 | 1.23 |
Indicator | N | Response Rate | Percent of Cases | |
---|---|---|---|---|
Building Function a | Resident | 18 | 31.6% | 40.9% |
Office | 19 | 33.3% | 43.2% | |
Hotel | 9 | 15.8% | 20.5% | |
Business | 3 | 5.3% | 6.8% | |
Education | 6 | 10.5% | 13.6% | |
Other | 2 | 3.5% | 4.5% | |
Total | 57 | 100.0% | 129.5% | |
Energy Label | Asia Pacific Green Building | 1 | 2.5% | 3.6% |
BCA Green Mark | 15 | 37.5% | 53.6% | |
BEAM Plus Platinum | 4 | 10.0% | 14.3% | |
EIC Sustainable Event Standards | 1 | 2.5% | 3.6% | |
Excellence Skyrise Greenery | 1 | 2.5% | 3.6% | |
Green Building | 2 | 5.0% | 7.1% | |
Green Good Design | 1 | 2.5% | 3.6% | |
Green Star | 3 | 7.5% | 10.7% | |
LEED | 7 | 17.5% | 25.0% | |
SGBC-BCA Sustainability | 2 | 5.0% | 7.1% | |
SIA-NParks Skywise Greenery Award | 2 | 5.0% | 7.1% | |
WELL Platinum | 1 | 2.5% | 3.6% | |
Total | 40 | 100.0% | 142.9% | |
Sky Garden Affordance | Transition | 433 | 11.5% | 44.1% |
Recreation | 736 | 19.5% | 74.9% | |
Sighting | 693 | 18.3% | 70.6% | |
Socializing | 736 | 19.5% | 74.9% | |
Entertainment | 119 | 3.1% | 12.1% | |
Exercising | 101 | 2.7% | 10.3% | |
Nature | 960 | 25.4% | 97.8% | |
Total | 3778 | 100.0% | 384.7% | |
a. Dichotomy group tabulated at value 1. |
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Aspects | Indicators | Description | |
---|---|---|---|
High-rise building characteristics | City | Hong Kong, Shenzhen, and Singapore. | |
Year | Completion year of high-rise buildings with sky garden. | ||
Height | Buildings’ height. | ||
Floor | Building story number. | ||
Function | Buildings’ use function for occupants. | ||
Building Area | Total Gross Floor Area of building. | ||
Site Area | Site Area of building. | ||
PR | Plot Ratio (PR) determines the intensity of land usage and is the determinant in calculating the maximum Gross Floor Area (GFA). | ||
Energy Labels | Received awards of energy efficiency for understanding the development potential of sky gardens. | ||
Qualities of Sky Gardens | Form characteristics | Type | Classification of sky gardens in high-rise buildings according to their height. |
Size Scale | Sky garden area. | ||
Configuration | The figure ground diagrams of sky garden on floor plan [36,45,47]. | ||
Affordance | Space or place can afford the function for human activities [48,49]. | ||
Openness attributes | Accessibility | Space supports the ability of different people to come and do many different things, and is an accessible node and place [50,51]. | |
Privateness | POPS are accessible to the public and available for individual or community activities. The private sector has played a role in shaping public space in the past [52,53]. | ||
Permeability | The quality indicator that increases the value of space in terms of physical, functional, and perceptual characteristics [54,55]. | ||
Geometric characteristics | OSR | Open Space Ratio (OSR) is the amount of non-built space at ground level per square meter of floor area [56,57]. | |
HSB | Height of Space-to-Building (HSB) measures the sky garden’s relative height in high-rise buildings, with smaller values closer to the ground level. | ||
VSR | Void-to-Solid Ratio (VSR) is defined as the area of openings on the façade divided by the solid area of the façade [58] and has been described as the ratio of transparency to opacity, lightness to heaviness, or openness to enclosure (void/solid). | ||
SI | Shape Index (SI) is the corrected Perimeter-Area Ratio (PAR) [59,60] that overcomes size-dependence by comparing the PAR to a standard shape [61]. |
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Li, Y.; Du, H.; Sezer, C. Sky Gardens, Public Spaces and Urban Sustainability in Dense Cities: Shenzhen, Hong Kong and Singapore. Sustainability 2022, 14, 9824. https://doi.org/10.3390/su14169824
Li Y, Du H, Sezer C. Sky Gardens, Public Spaces and Urban Sustainability in Dense Cities: Shenzhen, Hong Kong and Singapore. Sustainability. 2022; 14(16):9824. https://doi.org/10.3390/su14169824
Chicago/Turabian StyleLi, Yan, Hongwu Du, and Ceren Sezer. 2022. "Sky Gardens, Public Spaces and Urban Sustainability in Dense Cities: Shenzhen, Hong Kong and Singapore" Sustainability 14, no. 16: 9824. https://doi.org/10.3390/su14169824