Does Particle Size in Nanofluid Synthesis Affect Their Performance as Heat Transfer Fluid in Flat Plate Collectors?—An Energy and Exergy Analysis
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Mathematical Modeling of the FPC
- The effect of dust on the FPC was neglected.
- The thermal capacitance of the FPC was not considered.
- The front and back of the FPC were assumed to have the same temperature.
- The assumption of a one-dimensional perpendicular to the flow region in terms of the heat transfer was made.
- Consideration was given to the rear insulation’s natural convection with the surrounding air.
- Losses from radiation and convection from the insulation’s bottom and side surfaces were negligible.
- The translucent cover blocked off infrared light. It was assumed that the physical characteristics of materials were unaffected by changes in temperature.
- The insulation materials, absorber, and glass cover were not affected by temperature change.
2.2. Mathematical Modeling
2.3. Fly Ash Particles
2.4. Description of Nanoparticles/Nanofluids Used in This Study
Thermophysical properties and Correlation Equations
2.5. Model Validation
3. Result and Discussion
4. Conclusions
- The maximum energy efficiency measured was 73.8%, which was recorded for the fly ash nanofluid with a nanoparticle size of 11.5 nm.
- The maximum energy efficiency of the 114 nm fly ash nanofluid was 73.5%, which was 0.41% less than the 11.5 nm NPS at a Reynolds number of 2000. At a Reynolds number of 800, the energy efficiencies of 11.5, 30.36, 55.5, 89.3, and 114 nm were 71.3%, 71%, 70.72%, 70.67%, and 70.5%.
- At a Reynolds number of 2000, the fly ash nanofluid with a nanoparticle size of 11.5 nm showed a top heat loss coefficient of 4.78 W/m2K, while the top heat loss coefficient of a NPS of 114 nm was 5.17 W/m2K.
- The numerical analysis measured the least and maximum mean plate temperatures at a Reynolds number of 2000 at 34.21 °C and 34.57 °C, respectively.
- At a higher Reynolds number, the pumping power increased significantly. A maximum pump work of 0.114 W was calculated at a Reynolds number of 2000 for the 11.5 nm fly ash nanofluid.
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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---|---|---|---|---|
[43] | MWCNT/H2O | PH variation | 3.5, 6.5, 9.5 | Their results show that enhancing the performance of the FPC arises with more difference between the PH of the nanofluid and the PH of the isoelectric point. |
[45] | MWCNT/water, graphene/water, copper oxide/water, aluminum/water, titanium oxide/water, and silicon oxide/water | Nanoparticle type, volume fraction | 0.25%, 0.5%, 0.75%, 1.0%, 1.5%, and 2.0% for each nanoparticle type | Their results showed that the optimum collector efficiency was measured for 0.75 wt % MWCNT/water. |
[46] | Metal oxides | Nanoparticle type | CuO, SiO2, TiO2, and Al2O3 nanofluid | CuO showed the maximum thermal efficiency due to its lower SHC. |
[47] | Single-walled carbon nanotubes | Volume fraction | 0.1%, and 0.3% | The maximum efficiency of the collector was measured for the 0.3% volume fraction. |
[48] | Al2O3/water 12 nm particle size | Volume fraction Surfactant | 0.2%, and 0.4%, With and without surfactant | Their results showed that the efficiency of the FPC was higher with the nanofluid synthesized using a surfactant. Moreover, the performance of the FPC was higher in the 0.4% volume fraction. |
[42] | Al2O3 | Nanoparticle shape | Platelets, blades, cylindrical, bricks, spherical | Their study showed that the blade-shaped nanoparticle gave the highest collector efficiency. |
[49] | Multi-walled carbon nanotubes | Outside diameter of Nanoparticles | <8 nm with SSA of 500 m2/g, and 20–30 nm with SSA of 110 m2/g | Their study showed that the nanoparticle with an outside diameter of <8 nm gave a distinguishable result in terms of the FPC performance. |
[23] | boehmite-alumina | Nanoparticle shape | Bricks, cylinder, platelets, blades | Their study showed that brick-shaped nanoparticles gave the maximum outlet temperature from the collector, while platelet-shaped NPs gave the least. |
FPC Parameters | Specifications |
---|---|
Area of collector | 2 m2 |
Collector length | 2 m |
Collector width | 1 m |
Collector height | 0.15 m |
Tilt angle of collector | 15 |
Thickness of back insulation | 0.05 m |
Thickness of edge insulation | 0.025 m |
Thickness of absorber plate | 0.00045 m |
Absorber plate’s thermal conductivity | 386 W/m k |
Absorber plate’s emissivity | 0.95 |
Effective transmittance-absorptance product | 0.82 |
Glass cover’s thickness | 0.004 m |
Glass cover’s absorptivity | 0.05 |
Glass cover’s emissivity | 0.88 |
Tube spacing between risers (9 nos) | 0.095 m |
Inner diameter of the riser pipe | 0.0095 m |
Outer diameter of the riser pipe | 0.01 m |
Diameter of header pipe | 0.0254 m |
Mass Flow Rate (kg/min) | Weight Concentration (%) f-GNP | FRUL [62] | FRUL (Model Result) | Error Percentage (%) | Mass Flow Rate (L/min) | Weight Concentration (%) Al2O3 | FRUL [48] | FRUL (Model Result) | Error Percentage (%) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
0.8 | 0.1 | 6 | 5.89 | 1.867572 | 3 | 0.2 | 30.194 | 30.09 | 0.34563 |
0.05 | 5.5449 | 5.53 | 0.269439 | 0.4 | 24.672 | 24.56 | 0.456026 | ||
0.025 | 5.4050 | 5.35 | 1.028037 | ||||||
1.2 | 0.1 | 6.3832 | 6.28 | 1.643312 | |||||
0.05 | 5.9923 | 5.97 | 0.373534 | ||||||
0.025 | 5.9528 | 5.93 | 0.384486 |
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Ogungbemi, A.T.; Adun, H.; Adedeji, M.; Kavaz, D.; Dagbasi, M. Does Particle Size in Nanofluid Synthesis Affect Their Performance as Heat Transfer Fluid in Flat Plate Collectors?—An Energy and Exergy Analysis. Sustainability 2022, 14, 10429. https://doi.org/10.3390/su141610429
Ogungbemi AT, Adun H, Adedeji M, Kavaz D, Dagbasi M. Does Particle Size in Nanofluid Synthesis Affect Their Performance as Heat Transfer Fluid in Flat Plate Collectors?—An Energy and Exergy Analysis. Sustainability. 2022; 14(16):10429. https://doi.org/10.3390/su141610429
Chicago/Turabian StyleOgungbemi, Ayomide Titus, Humphrey Adun, Michael Adedeji, Doga Kavaz, and Mustafa Dagbasi. 2022. "Does Particle Size in Nanofluid Synthesis Affect Their Performance as Heat Transfer Fluid in Flat Plate Collectors?—An Energy and Exergy Analysis" Sustainability 14, no. 16: 10429. https://doi.org/10.3390/su141610429