Uncovering the Structural Effect Mechanisms of Natural and Social Factors on Land Subsidence: A Case Study in Beijing
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Study Area and Datasets
2.2. Methods
2.2.1. Identifying Local Effect Mechanisms Using the GTWR Model
2.2.2. Detecting Structural Effect Mechanisms Using the SCMC Algorithm
3. Results
3.1. Identification of Local Effect Mechanisms of Associated Factors on Land Subsidence
3.2. Identification of Structural Effect Mechanisms of Associated Factors on Land Subsidence
3.2.1. Estimating Number of Clusters
3.2.2. Regression Coefficients and Structural Characteristics
3.2.3. Cluster Membership Likelihood
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Category | Year | Spatial Scale | Source |
---|---|---|---|
Annual average subsidence rate | 2003–2010 | 30 m | https://earth.esa.int/ (accessed on 8 December 2021) |
Nighttime satellite images | 2003–2010 | 1 km | http://earthdata.nasa.gov/ (accessed on 8 December 2021) |
Land static load | 2003–2010 | 30 m | http://www.gscloud.cn/ (accessed on 8 December 2021) |
Annual average rainfall | 2003–2010 | 204 blocks (Beijing) | http://www.cma.gov.cn/ (accessed on 8 December 2021) |
Block population | 2003–2010 | 204 blocks (Beijing) | https://www.worldpop.org/ (accessed on 8 December 2021) |
Underground water | 2003–2010 | 204 blocks (Beijing) | http://www.cigem.cgs.gov.cn/ (accessedon 8 December 2021) |
Index | GTWR | GWR | OLS |
---|---|---|---|
AICC | 12,730 | 12,924 | 13,952 |
R2 | 0.672 | 0.524 | 0.062 |
Adjusted R2 | 0.671 | 0.523 | - |
RMSE | 6.681 | 12.355 | 17.344 |
Variable | Descriptive Statistics of Regression Coefficients | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Min | Max | Mean | Std. | CV | |
Underground water level (m) | −1.682 | 1.188 | 0.106 | 0.486 | 4.585 |
Static load (IBI) | −1.800 | 0.604 | 0.126 | 0.309 | 2.452 |
Annual average rainfall (mm) | −9.720 | 14.401 | −1.361 | 3.089 | −2.270 |
Population (10 thousand) | −0.917 | 1.734 | 0.027 | 0.322 | 11.926 |
Variable | 2003 | 2004 | 2005 | 2006 | 2007 | 2008 | 2009 | 2010 |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Underground water | 0.754 | 0.847 | 0.714 | 0.626 | 0.762 | 0.750 | 0.610 | 0.563 |
IBI | 0.440 | 0.670 | 0.335 | 0.292 | 0.481 | 0.325 | 0.301 | 0.364 |
Rainfall | 0.635 | 0.843 | 0.599 | 0.550 | 0.561 | 0.674 | 0.601 | 0.539 |
Population | 0.274 | 0.727 | 0.255 | 0.248 | 0.261 | 0.302 | 0.330 | 0.360 |
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Zhao, B.; Yang, X.; Wu, Q.; Xiao, W.; Yang, W.; Deng, M. Uncovering the Structural Effect Mechanisms of Natural and Social Factors on Land Subsidence: A Case Study in Beijing. Sustainability 2022, 14, 10139. https://doi.org/10.3390/su141610139
Zhao B, Yang X, Wu Q, Xiao W, Yang W, Deng M. Uncovering the Structural Effect Mechanisms of Natural and Social Factors on Land Subsidence: A Case Study in Beijing. Sustainability. 2022; 14(16):10139. https://doi.org/10.3390/su141610139
Chicago/Turabian StyleZhao, Bin, Xuexi Yang, Qianhong Wu, Weifeng Xiao, Wentao Yang, and Min Deng. 2022. "Uncovering the Structural Effect Mechanisms of Natural and Social Factors on Land Subsidence: A Case Study in Beijing" Sustainability 14, no. 16: 10139. https://doi.org/10.3390/su141610139