Regional Differences in the Emission-Reduction Effect of Environmental Regulation Based on the Perspective of Embodied Carbon Spatial Transfer Formed by Inter-Regional Trade
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Research Methods, Models, and Data
2.1. Measuring Method
2.2. Theoretical Model Construction
2.3. Data Sources
3. Results and Analysis
3.1. Transfer of Embodied Carbon Emissions in Inter-Regional Trade
3.2. Empirical Results
3.3. Robustness Test and Analysis
4. Conclusions and Analysis
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Category | Symbol | Variable Name | Representative Index |
---|---|---|---|
Dependent variable | CI | Embodied carbon in trade transfer in (out) | |
Independent variable | ER | Intensity of environmental regulation | Regional environmental governance investment/national average governance investment |
Control variable | EC | Economic development level | Regional gross domestic product/total population |
PS | Population density | The number of the resident population at the end of the year/the occupied area | |
DTP | Domestic technological progress | Total amount of patent authorization | |
FDI | Foreign direct investment | Amount of foreign direct investment |
ID | Industries | ID | Industries |
---|---|---|---|
1 | Agriculture | 16 | General and special equipment manufacturing industry |
2 | Coal mining and washing industry | 17 | Transportation equipment manufacturing industry |
3 | Oil and gas extraction industry | 18 | Electrical machinery and the equipment manufacturing industry |
4 | Metal mining and dressing industry | 19 | Communication equipment, computers, and other electronic equipment manufacturing industry |
5 | Nonmetallic minerals and other minerals’ mining and selection industry | 20 | Instrument, cultural, and office machinery industry |
6 | Food manufacturing and tobacco processing industry | 21 | Other manufacturing industry |
7 | Textile industry | 22 | Production and supply of electric power and hot power industry |
8 | Textiles, clothing, shoes, hats, leather, feathers, and their products industry | 23 | Production and supply of gas and water industry |
9 | Wood processing and furniture manufacturing industry | 24 | Construction industry |
10 | Paper printing, cultural and educational sports products manufacturing industry | 25 | Transportation and warehousing industry |
11 | Petroleum processing, coking, and nuclear fuel processing industry | 26 | Wholesale and retail industry |
12 | Chemical industry | 27 | Lodging and catering industry |
13 | Nonmetallic mineral products industry | 28 | Leasing and business services industry |
14 | Metal smelting and rolling processing industry | 29 | Research and experimental development industry |
15 | Metal product industry | 30 | Other services industry |
Independent Variable | Transfer Out of Embodied Carbon Emissions in Trade | Transfer In of Embodied Carbon Emissions in Trade |
---|---|---|
ER | 0.396 *** | −0.226 * |
(5.319) | (−1.955) | |
EC | −0.029 | −0.475 *** |
(−0.353) | (−3.853) | |
PS | 0.478 *** | −0.488 *** |
(6.475) | (−4.192) | |
DTP | 0.244 *** | 0.52 *** |
(2.633) | (2.903) | |
FDI | 0.057 | 0.323 ** |
(0.52) | (1.828) |
Independent Variable | Eastern Region | Central Region | Western Region | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Embodied Carbon Emissions in Trade Transfer out | Embodied Carbon Emissions in Trade Transfer in | Embodied Carbon Emissions in Trade Transfer out | Embodied Carbon Emissions in Trade Transfer in | Embodied Carbon Emissions in Trade Transfer out | Embodied Carbon Emissions in Trade Transfer in | |
ER | 0.411 *** | −0.067 | 0.297 * | −0.393 * | 0.559 * | 0.35 ** |
(3.168) | (−0.33) | (1.838) | (−1.985) | (2.552) | (1.973) | |
EC | −0.116 | −0.188 | 0.081 | −0.878 ** | −0.351 *** | −0.365 |
(−0.745) | (−0.778) | (0.363) | (−2.235) | (−1.638) | (−2.825) | |
PS | 0.544 *** | −0.263 | 0.965 *** | −0.484 | 0.27 *** | −0.414 |
(3.89) | (−1.394) | (5.035) | (−1.574) | (1.22) | (−2.817) | |
DTP | 0.289 * | 0.221 | −0.27 | 1.833 *** | 0.578 *** | 0.804 |
(1.833) | (0.697) | (−1.118) | (4.059) | (1.193) | (4.881) | |
FDI | 0.036 | −0.277 | −0.004 | −0.68 ** | −0.542 | −0.107 |
(0.211) | (−0.899) | (−0.017) | (−2.616) | (−1.126) | (−0.546) |
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Chen, Z.; Zhang, L.; Zhang, Y.; Zhao, Y.; Zhong, Z. Regional Differences in the Emission-Reduction Effect of Environmental Regulation Based on the Perspective of Embodied Carbon Spatial Transfer Formed by Inter-Regional Trade. Sustainability 2022, 14, 9707. https://doi.org/10.3390/su14159707
Chen Z, Zhang L, Zhang Y, Zhao Y, Zhong Z. Regional Differences in the Emission-Reduction Effect of Environmental Regulation Based on the Perspective of Embodied Carbon Spatial Transfer Formed by Inter-Regional Trade. Sustainability. 2022; 14(15):9707. https://doi.org/10.3390/su14159707
Chicago/Turabian StyleChen, Zhijian, Li Zhang, Yujie Zhang, Yun Zhao, and Zhangqi Zhong. 2022. "Regional Differences in the Emission-Reduction Effect of Environmental Regulation Based on the Perspective of Embodied Carbon Spatial Transfer Formed by Inter-Regional Trade" Sustainability 14, no. 15: 9707. https://doi.org/10.3390/su14159707
APA StyleChen, Z., Zhang, L., Zhang, Y., Zhao, Y., & Zhong, Z. (2022). Regional Differences in the Emission-Reduction Effect of Environmental Regulation Based on the Perspective of Embodied Carbon Spatial Transfer Formed by Inter-Regional Trade. Sustainability, 14(15), 9707. https://doi.org/10.3390/su14159707