Urban Waterfront Development, through the Lens of the Kyrenia Waterfront Case Study
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Background
2.1. Potential of Water and Urban Waterfront
2.2. Definition of the Urban Waterfront
2.3. Principles of Urban Waterfront Development
2.3.1. Physical Quality
2.3.2. Functional Aspects
- Necessary activities are activities that are essential for daily life and need to be performed in practically all circumstances;
- Optional activities: These include taking a walk, standing around, or simply sitting and enjoying life. They occur when the external physical conditions are ideal. They are, however, enhanced in high-quality environments and drastically diminished in low-quality environments;
- Social activities: These rely on the presence of people in public settings. They include activities such as children playing, chatting in the street, and meeting friends in a park—in other words, a variety of communal activities.
- Water-dependent uses are those that rely on the presence of an urban waterfront to function. Without the urban waterfront, the building would not be able to function. Marinas, jetties, boathouses, and a water-taxi station are all examples of these types of architectural usage;
- Water-related uses are building applications that will benefit from the proximity to water but can also function in other areas. Restaurants, open spaces, parks, terraces, and resorts or hotels are all examples of these types of structures or projects;
- Water-independent uses refer to structures that can function equally effectively without access to water, in other parts of the city. Shop houses or shopping complexes, offices, workshops, mosques, residential areas, schools, and clinics are examples of this group of concerns.
2.3.3. Social Factors
2.3.4. Economic Facets
2.3.5. Cultural Features
2.3.6. Political Issues
2.4. Overall Summary
Functional | The waterfront has various functional opportunities. |
The waterfront is providing joyful areas with music, food, literature, dance, and/or maritime heritage. | |
Different types of water-based activities can be seen. | |
Physical | The waterfront is well maintained. |
The place has presented various art objects in good physical condition. | |
Urban furniture is in good physical condition. | |
A certain level of mobility has been attained. The waterfront is accessible for persons with disabilities as well as those without. | |
The area has access to other public environments. | |
It is easy to reach the waterfront via pedestrian access, bicycle lanes, and/or public transportation. | |
Traffic and parking condition is proper. | |
Social | The environment is attractive. |
As an observer, people with different education levels, age groups, ethnicities, and income levels can enjoy the place. | |
As a user, I am proud to have such a place in the city. | |
Economic | The economic and nature-friendly design approach was considered during the regeneration process. |
The area provides good economic income. | |
I like to visit here frequently. | |
Cultural | Historical references are protected and/or reflected on the waterfront. |
There are cultural and art activities in the place. | |
The unique image has been protected and the image has developed. | |
Politic | The regeneration process has been done with a successful cooperation process with related stakeholders. |
Creativity, innovation, and/or social well-being policies are well-considered during the regeneration process. | |
I feel that proper regulations have been created by politicians to provide continuous maintenance. |
2.5. An Overview on Kyrenia Waterfront and Method of the Study
- Providing alternative parking for vehicles by allocating or establishing accessible parking spaces and access aisles;
- Displaying signs for vehicles to ensure pedestrian safety;
- Installing signs for vehicles to ensure the safety of pedestrians;
- Establishing routine maintenance and increasing its frequency;
- Restroom renovations in public spaces;
- Various parking laws to facilitate pedestrian mobility.
3. Materials and Methods
3.1. Measurement Instruments
3.2. The Sample and Data Collection
3.3. Participants
4. Results
4.1. Respondents’ Profile
4.2. On Users’ Perceptions and Needs
5. Discussion
6. Conclusions and Recommendations
- Beaches should be well-maintained, and more resting areas should be available for all users;
- Afforestation and environmental landscaping are needed;
- Recycle bins need to be installed;
- Bike paths need to be traced;
- Adequate sitting opportunities should be provided for the users;
- Infrastructure problems need to be solved; it is necessary to make a plan based on population estimates for the coming years;
- Public transport should be promoted to solve the traffic problem.
- Alternative tourism potential needs to be considered by producing new projects (such as creative tourism and cultural tourism);
- Providing free internet access and benefiting from technology, such as simulation areas;
- There should be a place for research and development, and classrooms should be encouraged to be creative and useful.
- Training and seminars should be organized to increase environmental awareness. Recycling awareness should be increased;
- Creative people and businesspeople should take part in decision-making.
- For development projects, an economical and nature-friendly design should be considered;
- Increasing economic income opportunities through alternative tourism options.
- More promotion is needed for historic buildings. Cultural and artistic activities should be increased;
- The unique image needs to be protected, and contemporary image standards should be satisfied.
- The government and municipality should provide financing for the development;
- Municipalities, governments, and the public should work in cooperation;
- The local authorities should identify the priority problems and bring these issues forward and develop projects accordingly;
- The public should act together by cooperating with the relevant institutions and organizations.
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
Appendix A
References
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Waterfront Development Principles | Decline Process from the 1970s | Renewal Process | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
The 1980s | The 1990s | The 2000s | The 2010s | The 2020s | |
Physical | 1. Flexibility of use [22] 2. Accessibility [22] 3. Rebuilding images, infrastructure, and the environment [64] | 1. Less attention to the environmental issues [41] 2. Importance of Environmental incorporation [41] | 1. Recreate the image of the city [2,65] 2. Urban competitiveness [65] | 1. City and water linkage [62,66] 2. Creation of physical structure, settlement, and permeability [61] 3. Opportunities for expansion [8] 4. A scale issue during development [62] | 1. City and water linkage [67] 2. equitable and sustainable improvements in human physical, mental, cultural, and socioeconomic well-being [68] |
Functional | 1. Diversity of building type [22] 2. Office-led, and leisure-led development [69] 3. Necessary, optional and social activities [22] | 1. Diversity of building types [13,41] | 1. resorts, hotels, bungalows, restaurants, cafes, and retail establishments [29] 2. Combining private and public uses, like retail and entertainment [70] | 1. Diversification of traditional port-related uses [71] 2. Residential, leisure, tourism, commercial, and other public use opportunities [15,36] 3. Creative waterfront regeneration ‘Uses’ [61] | 1. Playgrounds, green spaces, lighting components, and safety issues [23] 2. Considering waterfronts as multifunctional spaces [32] 3. Protect, improve, or restore the natural environment (e.g., green space, biodiversity) [68] |
Social | 1. Increasing employment opportunities [27] 2. The impact on interaction capabilities [72] 3. The impact on socio-economic characters [72] | 1. Socioeconomic common life [73] 2. The growing environmental and social concerns [41] 3. local community participation [41] | 1. Environmental and social concerns [74,75] 2. Bring people back to deserted areas [65] 3. Employment opportunities [74] | 1. Importance of safe and secure use [8] 2. Innovation and creativity in waterfront regeneration [62] 3. Community resilience issues [62] 4. “standardization” or “homogenization” issues [62] 5. Social equalities/inequalities [76] | 1. Safe and secure use persons with disabilities and those without [28] 2. Citizens’ education and training [51] 3. Healthy, socially equitable, and safe city [39,68] 4. A reliable indicator of income, homeownership, health, education, social cohesion, and divorce [68] |
Economic | 1. Establishing a common ground for constructive action [77] 2. The deindustrialization of production, labor market, and occupations [78] 3. Economic revenue generation through tourism [64] | 1. Construction of business headquarters [13] 2. Market-led approach [79] 3. Lack of public funding [41] 4. Urban competitiveness [80] | 1. Public-private partnerships and extensive private investment [81] 2. Recapturing global investment [65] 3. Increasing local real income [82] 4. Place branding and marketing [83] | 1. Entrepreneurial governance [84] 2. Economic globalization and competitiveness [85] 3. Increasing marketing opportunity [15] 4. Creative Waterfront regeneration ‘Production’, ‘Projects’ [61] 5. Reuse opportunity [8] | 1. Proper economic and fiscal motivations and methods for local and regional growth [51] 2. The economic benefits ‘e.g., housing market impacts; increased tourism’ [86] 3. International and national collaboration and communication [51] |
Cultural | 1. Contribution to cultural fabric [27] | 1. Preserving historical and architectural heritage [41] | 1. Balancing cultural and quality of life [81] 2. Buildings, structures, and artifacts that are part of cultural heritage [70] | 1. Temporary cultural event opportunities [8] 2. Cultural sensitivity, and capacity issues [62] 3. Maintain public safety, conserve cultural heritage, and memorialize local culture [76] | 1. Culture, health, and socioeconomic integration [68] 2. Networking socially and culturally [87] 3. Enhancing cultural heritage [87] |
Politic | 1. Development of short- and long-term strategies [88] 2. Planning and assessing waterfronts by considering conflict, cooperation, and competition [14] | 1. Public-private partnership [13] 2. Policy analysis and formulation [41,79,89,90] 3. Sustainability and resilience [91] | 1. Network between waterfront communities [92] 2. Concerning the strategic planning framework [74] 3. Sustainability and resilience [93] | 1. Consumed carelessly, often without planning [94] 2. Legal instruments and institutional mechanisms, as required, to ensure the sustainability [95] 3. Visionary process management [62] 4. Promoting entrepreneurship [62] | 1. Socioeconomic sensitivity, sustainability, and resilience [96] 2. Adaptation to climate change, energy neutrality, and health crises [51] 3. Monitoring and providing funds [51] |
Variables | Mean | Mode | Std. Dev. | Skewness | Kurtosis | Min. | Max. |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
The waterfront has various functional opportunities. | 2.992 | 2 | 1.272 | 0.039 | −1.066 | 1 | 5 |
The waterfront is providing joyful areas with music, food, literature, dance, and/or maritime heritage. | 2.563 | 2 | 1.201 | 0.625 | −0.434 | 1 | 5 |
Different types of water-based activities can be seen. | 2.211 | 2 | 1.139 | 0.877 | 0.119 | 1 | 5 |
Variables | Mean | Mode | Std. Dev. | Skewness | Kurtosis | Min. | Max. |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
The waterfront is well maintained. | 2.178 | 2 | 1.048 | 0.877 | 0.454 | 1 | 5 |
The place has presented various art objects in good physical condition. | 2.231 | 2 | 1.032 | 1.003 | 0.899 | 1 | 5 |
Urban furniture is in good physical condition. | 2.162 | 2 | 1.070 | 0.938 | 0.405 | 1 | 5 |
A certain level of mobility has been attained. The waterfront is accessible for people with a disability and those without. | 2.069 | 1 | 1.189 | 1.022 | 0.104 | 1 | 5 |
The area has access to other public environments. | 2.243 | 1 | 1.235 | 0.819 | −0.336 | 1 | 5 |
It is easy to reach the waterfront via pedestrian access, bicycle lanes, and/or public transportation. | 1.947 | 1 | 1.079 | 1.084 | 0.481 | 1 | 5 |
Traffic and parking conditions are proper. | 2.150 | 1 | 1.178 | 0.909 | 0.049 | 1 | 5 |
Adequacy of car parking opportunities is sufficient | 1.915 | 1 | 1.088 | 1.354 | 1.365 | 1 | 5 |
Variables | Mean | Mode | Std. Dev. | Skewness | Kurtosis | Min. | Max. |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
The environment is attractive. | 2.834 | 2 | 1.307 | 0.212 | −1.132 | 1 | 5 |
People with different education levels, age groups, ethnicities, and income levels can enjoy the place. | 3.126 | 2 a | 1.410 | −0.023 | −1.331 | 1 | 5 |
I am proud to have such a place in my city. | 3.138 | 3 | 1.327 | −0.150 | −1.099 | 1 | 5 |
Variables | Mean | Mode | Std. Dev. | Skewness | Kurtosis | Min. | Max. |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
The economic and nature-friendly design approach was considered during the regeneration process. | 2.417 | 1 | 1.230 | 0.577 | −0.540 | 1 | 5 |
The area provides good economic income. | 2.846 | 2 | 1.275 | 0.161 | −1.067 | 1 | 5 |
I like to visit here frequently. | 2.899 | 2 | 1.295 | 0.178 | −1.034 | 1 | 5 |
Variables | Mean | Mode | Std. Dev. | Skewness | Kurtosis | Min. | Max. |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Historical references are protected and/or reflected in the waterfront. | 2.344 | 2 | 1.182 | 0.749 | −0.252 | 1 | 5 |
There are cultural and art activities in the place. | 2.166 | 2 | 1.134 | 1.019 | 0.488 | 1 | 5 |
The unique image has been protected and the image has developed. | 2.215 | 2 | 1.107 | 0.834 | 0.199 | 1 | 5 |
Variables | Mean | Mode | Std. Dev. | Skewness | Kurtosis | Min. | Max. |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
The regeneration process has been undertaken in successful cooperation with related stakeholders. | 2.211 | 2 | 1.076 | 0.656 | −0.159 | 1 | 5 |
Creativity, innovation, and/or social well-being policies are considered during the regeneration process. | 2.186 | 2 | 1.066 | 0.678 | −0.143 | 1 | 5 |
I am feeling that proper regulations have been created by politicians to provide continuous maintenance. | 2.040 | 1 | 1.055 | 0.820 | 0.052 | 1 | 5 |
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Üzümcüoğlu, D.; Polay, M. Urban Waterfront Development, through the Lens of the Kyrenia Waterfront Case Study. Sustainability 2022, 14, 9469. https://doi.org/10.3390/su14159469
Üzümcüoğlu D, Polay M. Urban Waterfront Development, through the Lens of the Kyrenia Waterfront Case Study. Sustainability. 2022; 14(15):9469. https://doi.org/10.3390/su14159469
Chicago/Turabian StyleÜzümcüoğlu, Doğa, and Mukaddes Polay. 2022. "Urban Waterfront Development, through the Lens of the Kyrenia Waterfront Case Study" Sustainability 14, no. 15: 9469. https://doi.org/10.3390/su14159469