Declining Labour Income Share and Personal Income Inequality in Advanced Countries
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Determinants of Changes in the Functional Income Distribution
3. Labour Income Share and Income Inequality
4. Materials and Methods
5. Results
6. Discussion and Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Years | Average | Min. Value | Max. Value | Range | Standard Deviation | Coefficient of Variation |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1990 | 43.58 | 35.50 | 55.10 | 19.60 | 4.40 | 10.09% |
1991 | 43.98 | 36.90 | 55.00 | 18.10 | 4.24 | 9.65% |
1992 | 44.51 | 38.00 | 54.90 | 16.90 | 4.08 | 9.18% |
1993 | 45.00 | 38.30 | 55.00 | 16.70 | 4.02 | 8.94% |
1994 | 45.47 | 38.10 | 54.90 | 16.80 | 3.94 | 8.67% |
1995 | 45.87 | 38.10 | 54.90 | 16.80 | 3.81 | 8.32% |
1996 | 46.00 | 37.90 | 54.90 | 17.00 | 3.69 | 8.02% |
1997 | 46.18 | 37.70 | 55.00 | 17.30 | 3.68 | 7.96% |
1998 | 46.36 | 37.90 | 55.00 | 17.10 | 3.65 | 7.88% |
1999 | 46.55 | 38.00 | 55.10 | 17.10 | 3.65 | 7.85% |
2000 | 46.76 | 38.40 | 55.30 | 16.90 | 3.60 | 7.69% |
2001 | 46.93 | 38.70 | 55.00 | 16.30 | 3.56 | 7.60% |
2002 | 47.10 | 39.00 | 54.70 | 15.70 | 3.48 | 7.38% |
2003 | 47.32 | 39.30 | 54.40 | 15.10 | 3.48 | 7.35% |
2004 | 47.50 | 39.60 | 53.80 | 14.20 | 3.51 | 7.38% |
2005 | 47.55 | 39.70 | 53.30 | 13.60 | 3.44 | 7.24% |
2006 | 47.53 | 39.70 | 53.30 | 13.60 | 3.44 | 7.23% |
2007 | 47.56 | 39.70 | 53.50 | 13.80 | 3.49 | 7.33% |
2008 | 47.73 | 39.80 | 54.00 | 14.20 | 3.52 | 7.38% |
2009 | 47.94 | 40.20 | 55.10 | 14.90 | 3.63 | 7.57% |
2010 | 48.16 | 39.50 | 55.80 | 16.30 | 3.69 | 7.66% |
2011 | 48.17 | 38.70 | 56.20 | 17.50 | 3.79 | 7.86% |
2012 | 48.28 | 38.10 | 56.30 | 18.20 | 3.82 | 7.91% |
2013 | 48.41 | 37.70 | 56.10 | 18.40 | 3.83 | 7.91% |
2014 | 48.28 | 37.50 | 55.50 | 18.00 | 3.84 | 7.95% |
2015 | 48.23 | 37.30 | 54.90 | 17.60 | 3.84 | 7.97% |
2016 | 48.18 | 37.20 | 54.50 | 17.30 | 3.94 | 8.19% |
2017 | 47.99 | 37.10 | 54.00 | 16.90 | 3.97 | 8.28% |
2018 | 47.89 | 37.10 | 53.70 | 16.60 | 3.98 | 8.32% |
2018/ 1990 | 109.89% | 104.51% | 97.46% | 84.69% | 90.64% | 82.49% |
Years | Average | Min. Value | Max. Value | Range | Standard Deviation | Coefficient of Variation |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1990 | 58.55 | 42.92 | 73.53 | 30.62 | 7.15 | 12.20% |
1991 | 58.89 | 42.63 | 73.53 | 30.90 | 7.16 | 12.16% |
1992 | 59.05 | 44.27 | 73.53 | 29.26 | 7.12 | 12.07% |
1993 | 58.52 | 43.24 | 70.23 | 26.99 | 7.20 | 12.31% |
1994 | 57.55 | 43.00 | 66.92 | 23.91 | 6.71 | 11.66% |
1995 | 57.14 | 43.17 | 67.43 | 24.26 | 6.27 | 10.97% |
1996 | 57.24 | 42.98 | 67.00 | 24.02 | 5.96 | 10.41% |
1997 | 56.69 | 42.73 | 68.78 | 26.05 | 6.01 | 10.60% |
1998 | 56.57 | 42.53 | 67.91 | 25.37 | 6.02 | 10.64% |
1999 | 56.31 | 39.46 | 68.16 | 28.70 | 6.18 | 10.97% |
2000 | 55.85 | 38.58 | 67.16 | 28.58 | 6.51 | 11.66% |
2001 | 55.99 | 39.56 | 68.27 | 28.71 | 6.61 | 11.80% |
2002 | 55.66 | 39.57 | 69.42 | 29.84 | 6.66 | 11.96% |
2003 | 55.49 | 38.84 | 68.82 | 29.99 | 6.48 | 11.67% |
2004 | 54.91 | 38.57 | 67.78 | 29.22 | 6.40 | 11.65% |
2005 | 54.76 | 37.15 | 67.32 | 30.17 | 6.37 | 11.64% |
2006 | 54.41 | 35.18 | 65.89 | 30.71 | 6.61 | 12.15% |
2007 | 54.23 | 34.12 | 65.17 | 31.05 | 6.39 | 11.78% |
2008 | 54.82 | 35.05 | 65.74 | 30.69 | 5.98 | 10.92% |
2009 | 55.62 | 37.25 | 67.75 | 30.50 | 5.93 | 10.67% |
2010 | 54.42 | 35.39 | 66.02 | 30.63 | 6.09 | 11.18% |
2011 | 53.98 | 34.47 | 65.86 | 31.38 | 6.24 | 11.56% |
2012 | 54.17 | 35.25 | 65.57 | 30.33 | 6.14 | 11.34% |
2013 | 54.09 | 34.75 | 65.48 | 30.72 | 6.03 | 11.14% |
2014 | 53.85 | 34.37 | 64.99 | 30.63 | 5.98 | 11.11% |
2015 | 53.59 | 33.69 | 65.71 | 32.01 | 6.61 | 12.33% |
2016 | 53.80 | 33.67 | 65.33 | 31.65 | 6.37 | 11.85% |
2017 | 53.86 | 33.46 | 64.96 | 31.50 | 6.40 | 11.89% |
2018 | 54.10 | 32.32 | 64.02 | 31.70 | 6.51 | 12.03% |
2018/ 1990 | 92.39% | 75.31% | 87.07% | 103.55% | 91.07% | 98.57% |
FEM | REM | Difference | SE | Ch2-Statistic | p > chi2 | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Labour share | −0.3392164 | −0.329285 | −0.0099314 | 0.0031496 | 9.94 | 0.0016 |
Coefficient | SE | z-Statistic | p > |z| | Diagnostic Test | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
REM | |||||
Labour share | −0.329285 | 0.0191319 | −17.21 | 0.000 | R2 = 0.0261 Wald chi2 = 296.23 p > chi2 = 0.0000 |
Constant | 65.26006 | 1.235745 | 52.81 | 0.000 | |
FEM | |||||
Labour share | −0.3392164 | 0.0193895 | −17.49 | 0.000 | R2 = 0.0261 F(1923) = 306.07 p > F = 0.0000 |
Constant | 65.81283 | 1.080648 | 60.90 | 0.000 |
Country | Labour Share: Coef. (SE) | Constant: Coef. (SE) | R2 | Adjusted R2 | F-Statistic | p > F |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Australia | −1.03474 *** (0.1598509) | 106.3371 *** (9.091347) | 0.6081 | 0.5936 | 41.90 | 0.0000 |
Austria | −0.9327092 *** (0.0811191) | 98.10252 *** (4.594999) | 0.830 | 0.824 | 132.2 | 0.0000 |
Belgium | −0.4686334 *** (0.1404484) | 75.90293 *** (8.425238) | 0.2920 | 0.2657 | 11.13 | 0.0025 |
Chile | 0.2768766 *** 0.0954394) | 40.63256 *** (4.50028) | 0.2376 | 0.2094 | 8.42 | 0.0073 |
Czech Republic | 0.0775067 (0.3168863) | 39.37213 * (17.0364) | 0.0022 | −0.0347 | 0.06 | 0.8086 |
Denmark | −0.6473738 *** (0.1090443) | 82.35397 *** (6.24846) | 0.5662 | 0.5502 | 35.25 | 0.0000 |
Estonia | −0.0725884 (0.0567448) | 51.65091 *** (3.25549) | 0.0571 | 0.0222 | 1.64 | 0.2117 |
Finland | −0.734248 *** (0.0974369) | 86.43761 *** (5.271934) | 0.6777 | 0.6658 | 56.79 | 0.0000 |
France | 0.0210121 (0.2630843) | 7.03618 ** (15.43569) | 0.0002 | −0.0368 | 0.01 | 0.9369 |
Greece | −0.371463 *** (0.0770267) | 71.59192 *** (4.572608) | 0.4628 | 0.4429 | 23.26 | 0.0000 |
Spain | −0.6168766 *** (0.0686988) | 85.18468 *** (4.278329) | 0.7491 | 0.7399 | 80.63 | 0.0000 |
Netherlands | −0.141726 *** (0.0341906) | 54.66802 *** 2.005905) | 0.3889 | 0.3663 | 17.18 | 0.0003 |
Ireland | −0.2010183 ** (0.0604841) | 61.5874 *** (2.912543) | 0.2903 | 0.2640 | 11.05 | 0.0026 |
Iceland | 0.1013955 (0.1670907) | 35.27915 ** (9.272736) | 0.0135 | −0.0231 | 0.37 | 0.5490 |
Israel | 0.1706297 (0.2345409) | 40.99814 ** (11.89541) | 0.0192 | −0.0171 | 0.53 | 0.4732 |
Japan | −0.6289735 *** (0.076813) | 78.48913 *** (4.297838) | 0.7129 | 0.7023 | 67.05 | 0.0000 |
Canada | −0.612449 *** (0.0890902) | 84.28402 *** (5.611825) | 0.6364 | 0.6229 | 47.26 | 0.0000 |
Lithuania | −0.6751904 *** (0.1446909) | 83.10333 *** (7.4031) | 0.4464 | 0.4259 | 21.78 | 0.0001 |
Luxembourg | −0.7458769 *** (0.0514136) | 72.97116 *** (1.981976) | 0.8863 | 0.8821 | 210.46 | 0.0000 |
Latvia | 0.3233903 ** (0.1003735) | 29.75222 *** (4.981302) | 0.2777 | 0.2509 | 10.38 | 0.0033 |
Germany | −1.071574 *** (0.1022244) | 115.0558 *** (6.254822) | 0.8028 | 0.7954 | 109.88 | 0.0000 |
New Zealand | −0.0387 (0.1514395) | 47.88182 *** 7.865587) | 0.0024 | −0.0345 | 0.07 | 0.8002 |
Norway | −0.4297144 * (0.1300236) | 63.02844 *** (5.947308) | 0.2958 | 0.2687 | 10.92 | 0.0028 |
Poland | −0.6083005 *** (0.1249551) | 85.16072 *** (7.862955) | 0.4674 | 0.4477 | 23.70 | 0.0000 |
Portugal | 0.1280288 *** (0.0126455) | 44.50369 *** (0.7560881) | 0.7915 | 0.7838 | 102.50 | 0.0000 |
Slovakia | −0.7538143 ** (0.2199514) | 80.35294 *** (11.42933) | 0.3031 | 0.2773 | 11.75 | 0.0020 |
Slovenia | −0.5063609 *** (0.0808244) | 70.72731 *** (4.978211) | 0.5925 | 0.5774 | 39.25 | 0.0000 |
Sweden | 0.0487104 (0.2622456) | 46.16911 ** (13.01785) | 0.0013 | −0.0357 | 0.03 | 0.8540 |
Switzerland | −0.6306717 *** (0.1017738) | 83.03456 *** (6.794801) | 0.5872 | 0.5719 | 38.40 | 0.0000 |
United States | −0.6982114 ** (95.39485) | 0.2019237 *** (13.01317) | 0.3069 | 0.2812 | 11.96 | 0.0018 |
Hungary | −0.2431638 *** (0.0146908) | 63.65674 *** (0.8597482) | 0.9103 | 0.9070 | 273.97 | 0.0000 |
United Kingdom | 0.0751177 (0.1017251) | 49.03876 *** (5.6136) | 0.0198 | −0.0165 | 0.55 | 0.4666 |
Italy | −0.7517738 *** (0.119718) | 89.79108 *** (6.555382) | 0.5936 | 0.5785 | 39.43 | 0.0000 |
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Szymańska, A.; Zielenkiewicz, M. Declining Labour Income Share and Personal Income Inequality in Advanced Countries. Sustainability 2022, 14, 9403. https://doi.org/10.3390/su14159403
Szymańska A, Zielenkiewicz M. Declining Labour Income Share and Personal Income Inequality in Advanced Countries. Sustainability. 2022; 14(15):9403. https://doi.org/10.3390/su14159403
Chicago/Turabian StyleSzymańska, Anita, and Małgorzata Zielenkiewicz. 2022. "Declining Labour Income Share and Personal Income Inequality in Advanced Countries" Sustainability 14, no. 15: 9403. https://doi.org/10.3390/su14159403