Predicting Pro-Environmental Behaviour amongst Citizens in African Countries: A Cross-National Study amongst Six African Countries
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Research Methods
2.1. Data Analysis
2.2. Ethical Considerations
3. Results
3.1. Demographical Profile of Respondents
3.2. Testing of Hypotheses
3.2.1. Hypothesis 1
3.2.2. Hypothesis 2
3.2.3. Hypothesis 3
3.2.4. Hypothesis 4
3.2.5. Hypothesis 5
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions and Recommendations
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Algeria | Ghana | Nigeria | South Africa | Zimbabwe | Egypt | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Gender | % | % | % | % | % | % |
Male | 50.7 | 50.3 | 50.5 | 50.0 | 46.0 | 32.2 |
Female | 49.3 | 49.7 | 49.5 | 50.0 | 54.0 | 67.8 |
Total | 100.0 | 100.0 | 100.0 | 100.0 | 100.0 | 100.0 |
Marital Status | ||||||
Married | 46.8 | 42.1 | 47.9 | 33.3 | 52.9 | 71.5 |
Living together as married | 2.6 | 3.3 | 11.5 | 2.1 | ||
Divorced | 2.0 | 2.6 | 0.3 | 1.6 | 3.7 | 0.7 |
Separated | 1.2 | 1.3 | 0.4 | 0.8 | 3.5 | 0.7 |
Widowed | 3.2 | 2.7 | 2.2 | 5.1 | 8.1 | 11.8 |
Single | 46.8 | 48.6 | 45.9 | 47.7 | 29.7 | 15.3 |
Total | 100.0 | 100.0 | 100.0 | 100.0 | 100.0 | 100.0 |
Social Class | ||||||
Upper class | 2.3 | 4.4 | 2.2 | 1.8 | 3.9 | 1.1 |
Upper middle class | 23.8 | 18.4 | 12.4 | 12.1 | 15.1 | 9.9 |
Lower middle class | 31.3 | 27.1 | 28.7 | 17.6 | 34.6 | 39.3 |
Working class | 23.6 | 28.7 | 23.1 | 25.3 | 17.5 | 25.2 |
Lower class | 8.9 | 21.4 | 33.6 | 38.2 | 29.0 | 24.5 |
No answer/Do not know | 10.2 | 4.9 | ||||
Total | 100.0 | 100.0 | 100.0 | 100.0 | 100.0 | 100.0 |
Algeria | Ghana | Nigeria | South Africa | Zimbabwe | Egypt | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Education Background | % | % | % | % | % | % |
No formal education | 16.6 | 7.0 | 9.1 | 1.6 | 0.5 | 30.6 |
Incomplete primary school | 14.5 | 12.8 | 3.4 | 3.3 | 5.3 | 5.6 |
Complete primary school | 15.4 | 25.7 | 6.9 | 5.1 | 5.6 | 9.6 |
Incomplete secondary | 4.6 | 11.9 | 10.5 | 7.7 | 14.1 | 4.0 |
Complete secondary school | 3.6 | 17.3 | 34.6 | 7.7 | 53.7 | 24.4 |
Incomplete university—preparatory | 15.1 | 5.6 | 6.1 | 24.5 | 3.3 | 1.5 |
Complete university—preparatory | 10.5 | 8.3 | 11.7 | 39.1 | 6.9 | 7.8 |
Some university—without degree | 9.9 | 5.2 | 10.3 | 5.2 | 4.2 | 1.7 |
University-level education, with degree | 9.8 | 6.3 | 7.4 | 4.8 | 6.4 | 14.8 |
No answer | 0.1 | 0.9 | ||||
Total | 100.0 | 100.0 | 100.0 | 100.0 | 100.0 | 100.0 |
Algeria | Ghana | Nigeria | South Africa | Zimbabwe | Egypt | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Employment Status | % | % | % | % | % | % |
Full time | 19.7 | 21.6 | 12.9 | 31.2 | 22.9 | 15.1 |
Part time | 11.6 | 4.7 | 4.7 | 6.6 | 7.7 | 9.3 |
Self employed | 9.0 | 33.9 | 40.8 | 3.6 | 17.3 | 7.6 |
Retired | 6.5 | 1.6 | 1.2 | 8.0 | 2.9 | 4.1 |
Housewife | 22.4 | 0.9 | 10.1 | 6.4 | 11.1 | 54.4 |
Students | 17.2 | 21.9 | 23.1 | 9.9 | 5.9 | 4.9 |
Unemployed | 13.2 | 14.9 | 7.2 | 34.3 | 32.3 | 4.5 |
Other | 0.5 | 0.5 | 0.1 | 0.1 | ||
Total | 100.0 | 100.0 | 100.0 | 100.0 | 100.0 | 100.0 |
Countries | Male | Female | Statistics | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Mean | SD | Mean | SD | ||
Algeria | 8.1212 | 1.65927 | 8.3995 | 1.87302 | t = −2.355; p = 0.019 |
Ghana | 7.2500 | 1.22566 | 7.4365 | 1.21485 | t = −3.011; p = 0.003 |
Nigeria | 7.4910 | 1.52614 | 7.6062 | 1.33129 | t = −1.688; p = 0.092 |
South Africa | 7.9810 | 1.47789 | 8.0136 | 1.43064 | t = −0.652; p = 0.515 |
Zimbabwe | 8.0449 | 1.52655 | 8.1185 | 1.53598 | t = −0.928; p = 0.354 |
Egypt | 8.0082 | 1.34755 | 8.0319 | 1.31698 | t = −0.324; p = 0.746 |
All six countries | 7.804 | 1.495 | 7.930 | 1.449 | t = −4.029; p = 0.001 |
Marital Status | Age | Scale of Income | Social Class | Employment Status | Sector of Employment | Education | ||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
F | p | F | p | F | p | F | p | F | p | F | p | F | p | |
Algeria | 8.415 | 0.000 | 10.538 | 0.000 | 3.456 | 0.032 | 1.275 | 0.278 | 6.822 | 0.000 | 0.423 | 0.516 | 3.324 | 0.001 |
Ghana | 2.436 | 0.033 | 0.501 | 0.808 | 6.786 | 0.001 | 3.947 | 0.003 | 0.684 | 0.686 | 3.400 | 0.034 | 2.885 | 0.003 |
Nigeria | 1.177 | 0.318 | 1.191 | 0.308 | 0.239 | 0.787 | 8.221 | 0.000 | 5.070 | 0.000 | 10.206 | 0.000 | 3.596 | 0.000 |
South Africa | 2.890 | 0.013 | 1.104 | 0.357 | 35.895 | 0.000 | 24.353 | 0.000 | 5.097 | 0.000 | 6.150 | 0.000 | 10.211 | 0.000 |
Zimbabwe | 2.966 | 0.011 | 1.991 | 0.064 | 1.219 | 0.296 | 1.976 | 0.096 | 0.404 | 0.877 | 0.522 | 0.594 | 2.238 | 0.023 |
Egypt | 1.074 | 0.368 | 0.453 | 0.843 | 10.810 | 0.000 | 8.058 | 0.000 | 2.935 | 0.005 | 3.011 | 0.029 | 4.653 | 0.000 |
All six countries | 4.507 | 0.000 | 0.277 | 0.0948 | 42.000 | 0.000 | 32.147 | 0.000 | 17.282 | 0.000 | 34.785 | 0.000 | 10.720 | 0.000 |
Sum of Squares | Df | Mean Square | F | Sig. | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Pro-environmental behaviour | Between Groups | 907.990 | 5 | 181.598 | 87.185 | 0.000 |
Within Groups | 22,066.364 | 10,594 | 2.083 | |||
Total | 22,974.355 | 10,599 |
Pro-environmental Behaviour | Mean Difference (I–J) | SE | Sig. | Lower Bound | Upper Bound | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Algeria | Ghana | 0.91388 * | 0.06047 | 0.000 | 0.7415 | 1.0862 |
Nigeria | 0.70863 * | 0.05915 | 0.000 | 0.5400 | 0.8772 | |
South Africa | 0.25934 * | 0.05416 | 0.000 | 0.1050 | 0.4137 | |
Zimbabwe | 0.17200 | 0.06085 | 0.053 | −0.0014 | 0.3454 | |
Egypt | 0.23237 * | 0.06068 | 0.002 | .0594 | 0.4053 | |
Ghana | Algeria | −0.91388 * | 0.06047 | 0.000 | −1.0862 | −0.7415 |
Nigeria | −0.20526 * | 0.05026 | 0.001 | −0.3485 | −0.0620 | |
South Africa | −0.65454 * | 0.04428 | 0.000 | −0.7808 | −0.5283 | |
Zimbabwe | −0.74188 * | 0.05226 | 0.000 | −0.8908 | −0.5929 | |
Egypt | −0.68151 * | 0.05205 | 0.000 | −0.8299 | −0.5331 | |
Nigeria | Algeria | −0.70863 * | 0.05915 | 0.000 | −0.8772 | −0.5400 |
Ghana | 0.20526 * | 0.05026 | 0.001 | 0.0620 | 0.3485 | |
South Africa | −0.44929 * | 0.04246 | 0.000 | −0.5703 | −0.3283 | |
Zimbabwe | −0.53663 * | 0.05072 | 0.000 | −0.6812 | −0.3921 | |
Egypt | −0.47626 * | 0.05052 | 0.000 | −0.6202 | −0.3323 | |
South Africa | Algeria | −0.25934 * | 0.05416 | 0.000 | −0.4137 | −0.1050 |
Ghana | 0.65454 * | 0.04428 | 0.000 | 0.5283 | 0.7808 | |
Nigeria | 0.44929 * | 0.04246 | 0.000 | 0.3283 | 0.5703 | |
Zimbabwe | −0.08734 | 0.04480 | 0.372 | −0.2150 | 0.0404 | |
Egypt | −0.02697 | 0.04457 | 0.991 | −0.1540 | 0.1001 | |
Zimbabwe | Algeria | −0.17200 | 0.06085 | 0.053 | −0.3454 | 0.0014 |
Ghana | 0.74188 * | 0.05226 | 0.000 | 0.5929 | 0.8908 | |
Nigeria | 0.53663 * | 0.05072 | 0.000 | 0.3921 | 0.6812 | |
South Africa | 0.08734 | 0.04480 | 0.372 | −0.0404 | 0.2150 | |
Egypt | 0.06037 | 0.05250 | 0.860 | −0.0893 | 0.2100 | |
Egypt | Algeria | −0.23237 * | 0.06068 | 0.002 | −0.4053 | −0.0594 |
Ghana | 0.68151 * | 0.05205 | 0.000 | 0.5331 | 0.8299 | |
Nigeria | 0.47626 * | 0.05052 | 0.000 | 0.3323 | 0.6202 | |
South Africa | 0.02697 | 0.04457 | 0.991 | −0.1001 | 0.1540 | |
Zimbabwe | −0.06037 | 0.05250 | 0.860 | −0.2100 | 0.0893 |
Algeria | Ghana | Nigeria | South Africa | Zimbabwe | Egypt | All | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Gender | 0.079 * | 0.076 ** | 0.040 | 0.011 | 0.024 | 0.008 | 0.039 ** |
Age | −0.182 ** | 0.000 | −0.014 | −0.020 | −0.060 * | 0.032 | 0.003 |
Marital status | 0.175 ** | −0.006 | 0.008 | 0.049 ** | −0.018 | −0.022 | 0.018 |
Highest Educational | 0.036 | −0.117 ** | −0.087 ** | −0.132 ** | −0.058 * | −0.136 ** | −0.064 ** |
Employment status | 0.173 ** | −0.019 | 0.102 ** | 0.081 ** | −0.001 | 0.072 ** | 0.075 ** |
Sector of employment | 0.030 | 0.067 * | −0.033 | 0.062 ** | 0.030 | 0.075 ** | 0.097 ** |
Social class | 0.035 | 0.098 ** | 0.125 ** | 0.168 ** | 0.036 | 0.129 ** | 0.108 ** |
Scale of incomes | −0.127 ** | −0.073 ** | −0.057 * | −0.156 ** | −0.035 | −0.153 ** | −0.108 ** |
Membership: Environmental organisation | −0.142 ** | −0.112 ** | −0.122 ** | −0.190 ** | −0.163 ** | 0.007 | −0.141 ** |
Algeria | Ghana | Nigeria | South Africa | Zimbabwe | Egypt | Pooled | |||||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
B | β | p | B | β | p | B | β | p | B | Β | p | B | β | p | B | Β | p | B | β | p | |
(Constant) | 8.921 | 0.000 | 7.022 | 0.000 | 6.947 | 0.000 | 9.027 | 0.000 | 8.989 | 0.000 | 8.913 | 0.000 | 7.587 | 0.000 | |||||||
Gender | −0.033 | −0.009 | 0.863 | 0.100 | 0.042 | 0.178 | −0.006 | −0.002 | 0.941 | 0.033 | 0.012 | 0.504 | 0.062 | 0.020 | 0.524 | −0.147 | −0.052 | 0.106 | −0.005 | −0.002 | 0.867 |
Age | −0.227 | −0.200 | 0.004 | −0.026 | −0.029 | 0.370 | −0.005 | −0.004 | 0.894 | −0.042 | −0.041 | 0.048 | −0.066 | −0.056 | 0.099 | 0.001 | 0.001 | 0.970 | 0.009 | 0.009 | 0.449 |
Marital status | 0.022 | 0.032 | 0.562 | 0.020 | 0.039 | 0.233 | 0.024 | 0.040 | 0.215 | 0.005 | 0.009 | 0.664 | −0.009 | −0.013 | 0.677 | −0.017 | −0.026 | 0.317 | 0.016 | 0.026 | 0.028 |
Highest educational | −0.032 | −0.052 | 0.352 | −0.047 | −0.082 | 0.022 | −0.029 | −0.045 | 0.191 | −0.074 | −0.086 | 0.000 | −0.049 | −0.052 | 0.139 | −0.036 | −0.077 | 0.011 | 0.001 | 0.002 | 0.870 |
Employment status | 0.065 | 0.063 | 0.294 | −0.011 | −0.016 | 0.588 | 0.072 | 0.065 | 0.042 | 0.017 | 0.031 | 0.228 | −0.016 | −0.023 | 0.468 | 0.045 | 0.058 | 0.222 | 0.016 | 0.024 | 0.083 |
Sector of employment | −0.172 | −0.053 | 0.358 | 0.045 | 0.016 | 0.609 | −0.270 | −0.103 | 0.002 | −0.058 | −0.044 | 0.082 | −0.002 | −0.001 | 0.983 | 0.016 | 0.015 | 0.767 | 0.063 | 0.047 | 0.001 |
Social class | 0.091 | 0.056 | 0.373 | 0.119 | 0.108 | 0.005 | 0.232 | 0.177 | 0.000 | 0.106 | 0.083 | 0.000 | 0.031 | 0.024 | 0.546 | 0.026 | 0.019 | 0.579 | 0.128 | 0.100 | 0.000 |
Incomes | 0.022 | 0.026 | 0.680 | 0.013 | 0.022 | 0.575 | 0.045 | 0.067 | 0.073 | −0.045 | −0.071 | 0.001 | −0.034 | −0.043 | 0.278 | −0.072 | −0.109 | 0.001 | −0.019 | −0.028 | 0.035 |
Environmental organisation membership | −0.869 | −0.129 | 0.009 | −0.173 | −0.078 | 0.009 | −0.300 | −0.135 | 0.000 | −0.386 | −0.169 | 0.000 | −0.484 | −0.154 | 0.000 | 0.329 | 0.016 | 0.536 | −0.332 | −0.128 | 0.000 |
R = 0.228 R2 = 0.052 Adjusted R2 = 0.028 F = 2.189 | R = 0.189 R2 = 0.036 Adjusted R2 = 0.027 F = 4.157 | R = 0.243 R2 = 0.059 Adjusted R2 = 0.051 F = 7.156 | R = 0.280 R2 = 0.078 Adjusted R2 = 0.076 F = 26.635 | R = 0.208 R2 = 0.048 Adjusted R2 = 0.034 F = 4.638 | R = 0.230 R2 = 0.053 Adjusted R2 = 0.046 F = 8.411 | R = 0.222 R2 = 0.049 Adjusted R2 = 0.048 F = 43.413 |
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Ifegbesan, A.P.; Rampedi, I.T.; Ogunyemi, B.; Modley, L.-A. Predicting Pro-Environmental Behaviour amongst Citizens in African Countries: A Cross-National Study amongst Six African Countries. Sustainability 2022, 14, 9311. https://doi.org/10.3390/su14159311
Ifegbesan AP, Rampedi IT, Ogunyemi B, Modley L-A. Predicting Pro-Environmental Behaviour amongst Citizens in African Countries: A Cross-National Study amongst Six African Countries. Sustainability. 2022; 14(15):9311. https://doi.org/10.3390/su14159311
Chicago/Turabian StyleIfegbesan, Ayodeji P., Isaac T. Rampedi, Biodun Ogunyemi, and Lee-Ann Modley. 2022. "Predicting Pro-Environmental Behaviour amongst Citizens in African Countries: A Cross-National Study amongst Six African Countries" Sustainability 14, no. 15: 9311. https://doi.org/10.3390/su14159311