Strength Variation of Rocks Surrounding Road Tunnel Entrance/Exit in High–Altitude Mountain Areas under Freeze–Thaw Cycles
Abstract
:1. Introduction
1.1. Studies of High-Altitude Mountain Areas
1.2. Studies of Freezing–Thawing Cycles and Rocks
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Selection of Study Area
2.2. Sample Selection and Preparation
2.3. Specimen Characteristics
2.4. Experimental Design
2.5. Procedures
2.5.1. Sample Grouping
2.5.2. Freeze–Thaw Test
2.5.3. Shear Wave Velocity Test
2.5.4. Uniaxial Compressive Strength Test
3. Results and Analysis
3.1. Analysis of Apparent Phenomena of Freeze–Thaw Testing
3.2. Shear Wave Velocity Test
3.3. Uniaxial Compressive Strength Test
3.4. Summary and Analysis of Test Data
4. Conclusions and Discussion for Further Research
4.1. Conclusions
- (1)
- When the temperature was between −40 °C and 40 °C, the rock temperature had a rate of increase 2.57 times greater than that of decrease.
- (2)
- The shear wave velocity of two rock groups decreased as the number of freeze–thaw cycles grew. Meanwhile, the samples’ uniaxial compressive strength, elastic modulus, Poisson’s ratio, secant modulus, and secant Poisson’s ratio showed a reduction.
- (3)
- Transverse strain of the two groups was more petite than the longitudinal strain, while the longitudinal strain of the dry sample was more significant than the immersion-saturated sample. Furthermore, it showed a trend of first increasing, then decreasing, and then increasing. On the other hand, longitudinal and transverse strains of the immersion-saturated sample showed a decreasing trend when it failed.
- (4)
- As the number of freeze–thaw cycles increased, the wave velocity of rock gradually decreased, and all strength parameters of rock also decayed. However, the influence of freeze–thaw cycling on the strength of the surrounding rock also had a specific limit. When the influence limit of freeze–thaw cycling was exceeded, the strength parameters of the surrounding rock would no longer change with the increase in the number of freeze–thaw cycles.
- (5)
- We believe that freeze–thaw cycles lead to deterioration of tuff strength. The reason for this phenomenon is that we believe that the freeze–thaw cycling action changes the rock internally, affecting its density, which, in turn, causes a decay in strength, etc.
4.2. Discussion for Future Research
- (1)
- After how many freeze–thaw cycles will the strength parameters of rock no longer have large fluctuations?
- (2)
- Strength parameters of the surrounding rock will be stable after reaching the influence limit of freeze–thaw cycling. What is the relationship between the value and the initial index of surrounding rock strength parameters of surrounding rocks?
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Cycle-Index | 0 | 5 | 10 | 15 | 20 | 25 | 30 |
Dry samples groups | G1 | G2 | G3 | G4 | G5 | G6 | G7 |
Saturated sample groups | S1 | S2 | S3 | S4 | S5 | S6 | S7 |
Cycle-Index | Group No. | T/μs | A/mv | V/km·s−1 |
---|---|---|---|---|
0 | G1 | 18.7 | 0.29 | 5.348 |
5 | G2 | 18.7 | 0.39 | 5.348 |
10 | G3 | 20.1 | 0.28 | 4.975 |
15 | G4 | 19.9 | 0.23 | 5.025 |
20 | G5 | 20.3 | 0.24 | 4.926 |
25 | G6 | 22.0 | 0.18 | 4.545 |
30 | G7 | 20.3 | 0.17 | 4.926 |
0 | S1 | 20.3 | 0.21 | 4.926 |
5 | S2 | 20.9 | 0.24 | 4.785 |
10 | S3 | 21.4 | 0.19 | 4.673 |
15 | S4 | 21.2 | 0.17 | 4.717 |
20 | S5 | 22.0 | 0.20 | 4.545 |
25 | S6 | 21.7 | 0.18 | 4.608 |
30 | S7 | 21.8 | 0.17 | 4.587 |
Cycle-Index | Group No. | Maximum Load/kN | Maximum Stress/MPa |
---|---|---|---|
0 | G1 | 269,362.2500 | 137.1851 |
5 | G2 | 316,925.4000 | 161.4088 |
10 | G3 | 209,809.1000 | 106.8549 |
15 | G4 | 250,503.1000 | 127.5802 |
20 | G5 | 155,875.8000 | 79.3869 |
25 | G6 | 83,218.7656 | 42.3830 |
30 | G7 | 105,022.6484 | 53.4876 |
0 | S1 | 424,275.7813 | 216.0819 |
5 | S2 | 244,133.1651 | 124.3360 |
10 | S3 | 128,023.9531 | 65.2021 |
15 | S4 | 282,091.4583 | 143.6680 |
20 | S5 | 159,700.8990 | 81.3350 |
25 | S6 | 107,604.4000 | 54.8025 |
30 | S7 | 133,001.5000 | 67.7371 |
Cycle-Index | Group No. | Longitudinal Strain/μm | Transverse Strain/μm |
---|---|---|---|
0 | G1 | 1451.00 | 736.00 |
5 | G2 | 1990.00 | 962.00 |
10 | G3 | 1882.00 | 578.00 |
15 | G4 | 1540.00 | 332.00 |
20 | G5 | 950.00 | 226.00 |
25 | G6 | 712.00 | 221.00 |
30 | G7 | 1633.00 | 662.00 |
0 | S1 | 2348.00 | 820.00 |
5 | S2 | 1362.00 | 736.00 |
10 | S3 | 1130.00 | 467.00 |
15 | S4 | 1220.00 | 664.00 |
20 | S5 | 885.00 | 577.00 |
25 | S6 | 964.00 | 586.00 |
30 | S7 | 717.00 | 384.00 |
Cycle-Index | Group No. | Elastic Modulus | Elastic Poisson’s Ratio |
---|---|---|---|
0 | G1 | 77.34 | 0.67 |
5 | G2 | 58.11 | 0.48 |
10 | G3 | 47.37 | 0.26 |
15 | G4 | 63.04 | 0.26 |
20 | G5 | 55.75 | 0.24 |
25 | G6 | 44.69 | 0.29 |
30 | G7 | 27.33 | 0.33 |
0 | S1 | 88.47 | 0.37 |
5 | S2 | 81.20 | 0.56 |
10 | S3 | 40.93 | 0.34 |
15 | S4 | 76.81 | 0.47 |
20 | S5 | 64.30 | 0.45 |
25 | S6 | 43.84 | 0.48 |
30 | S7 | 67.18 | 0.41 |
Cycle-Index | Group No. | Secant Modulus | Poisson’s Ratio |
---|---|---|---|
0 | G1 | 85.74 | 0.38 |
5 | G2 | 63.80 | 0.48 |
10 | G3 | 41.40 | 0.30 |
15 | G4 | 55.83 | 0.20 |
20 | G5 | 60.28 | 0.25 |
25 | G6 | 47.99 | 0.34 |
30 | G7 | 22.92 | 0.31 |
0 | S1 | 60.66 | 0.36 |
5 | S2 | 62.31 | 0.53 |
10 | S3 | 53.47 | 0.52 |
15 | S4 | 71.76 | 0.50 |
20 | S5 | 63.36 | 0.48 |
25 | S6 | 47.98 | 0.41 |
30 | S7 | 61.32 | 0.45 |
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Guo, Z.; Zhang, Z.; Zhang, Y.; Shi, G. Strength Variation of Rocks Surrounding Road Tunnel Entrance/Exit in High–Altitude Mountain Areas under Freeze–Thaw Cycles. Sustainability 2022, 14, 9305. https://doi.org/10.3390/su14159305
Guo Z, Zhang Z, Zhang Y, Shi G. Strength Variation of Rocks Surrounding Road Tunnel Entrance/Exit in High–Altitude Mountain Areas under Freeze–Thaw Cycles. Sustainability. 2022; 14(15):9305. https://doi.org/10.3390/su14159305
Chicago/Turabian StyleGuo, Zezhou, Zizhao Zhang, Yanyang Zhang, and Guangming Shi. 2022. "Strength Variation of Rocks Surrounding Road Tunnel Entrance/Exit in High–Altitude Mountain Areas under Freeze–Thaw Cycles" Sustainability 14, no. 15: 9305. https://doi.org/10.3390/su14159305
APA StyleGuo, Z., Zhang, Z., Zhang, Y., & Shi, G. (2022). Strength Variation of Rocks Surrounding Road Tunnel Entrance/Exit in High–Altitude Mountain Areas under Freeze–Thaw Cycles. Sustainability, 14(15), 9305. https://doi.org/10.3390/su14159305