Measurement and Evaluation of Convergence of Japan’s Marine Fisheries and Marine Tourism
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Literature Review
3. Industry Convergence Mechanism
- (1)
- Industry nature
- (2)
- Market demand
- (3)
- Resource allocation
- (4)
- Technological progress
4. Evaluation of Market Development Degree of MF and MT
4.1. Data Sources and Descriptive Statistics
4.2. Methods
4.3. Data Testing
- Stationarity test
- 2.
- Cointegration test and Granger causality test
- 3.
- Stability test for VAR model
4.4. Impulse Response Analysis
4.5. Variance Decomposition
5. Japan’s MF and MT Integration Model
5.1. Characteristics of Japanese Industrial Convergence
- (1)
- Legal support
- (2)
- Fisheries associations and tourism associations
- (3)
- Financial support
5.2. Industrial Convergence Case Study—Himakajima
- (1)
- Integration of products. This type of integration mainly involves tourism practitioners using the local aquatic products caught by fishery practitioners as ingredients in their menu and a transaction relationship between the two industries. Particular emphasis is placed on the cooperation between tourism and fishery professionals in the building of aquatic product brands. Initially, the tourism practitioners proposed the branding of the island’s aquatic products for sale, and the local fishery practitioners actively responded to their idea. The local aquatic product brands play an important role in promoting the tourism industry. Well-known aquatic product brands include “HimaKajima Octopus”, “HimaKajima Pufferfish”, “Island Laver”, and “Pompei Bay”. By building the aquatic product brands in the Japanese production area, the prices of the aquatic products in this area are higher than those of products in other areas in the same period. Well-known aquatic products include “Hikaga octopus” and “Hikashima pufferfish”. The fishery products purchased by fisheries associations are provided to tourism practitioners at a pre-negotiated price throughout the year.
- (2)
- Integration of industrial sectors. The integration of industrial sectors mainly involves the use of the procurement business and credit business of fisheries associations by the tourism industry as quasi-members. This integration can reduce business risks to a certain extent and considerably benefit the tourism industry and fisheries associations. This type of integration is mainly manifested in four aspects: (a) in the process of aquatic product trading and economic cycle within the individual fishery sector and tourism sector, (b) in the labor cycle, (c) in the economic cycle between the fisheries associations and tourism associations, and (d) in the internal circulation of tourism associations. Through the economic cycle of the four aspects, the interest cycle between the economic entities is realized, and the economic benefits of various departments are ensured for subsequent contributions. In recent years, the integration mechanism of Himakajima Island reduced the operational risks of fisheries and tourism while bringing new opportunities to develop the local tourism and fisheries.
- (3)
- Employment integration in the industrial sector. This integration is mainly achieved by employing homemakers from fishers’ homes in the tourism sector. That is, letting the “foreign currency” earned by the tourism industry realize regional circulation through employment and maintain the stability of fishermen’s self-employment. As MF is an industry that targets nature, fishery production is highly susceptible to natural conditions such as weather and seasonal changes, thereby making the livelihood of individual fishermen unstable. By providing work to homemakers from fishers’ homes, the income from the work can be used as a stabilizer for fishermen’s self-employment. In other words, if a sideline income exists, despite the change in the catch, the stability of a fisherman’s business can be ensured to a certain extent. The formation and maintenance of the regional labor market also play a specific role in mitigating the decline and aging of the island’s population.
- (4)
- Cooperation among tourism companies by teaching and popularizing cooking skills through joint cooking lectures; implementing standard menus, standard prices, and daily publicity activities in the region; and determining ways to use island businesses for purchasing food, supporting new entrepreneurs (recommendations for processing and sales and related service industries when opening new stores), and other cooperative and collaborative relationships. Among such measures, “default rules” for purchasing food ingredients exist in the region, which can be considered as an essential economic cycle that formed the current Higashima Island. The core players in this integration are hotels, inns, homestays, and other business operators. When purchasing materials/ingredients for their business, such entities try their best to buy from local stores/providers.
5.3. Impact of Industrial Integration
- (1)
- Reduction of transaction costs
- (2)
- Creation of aquatic product brands
- (3)
- Promotion of social and economic development in fishing areas
6. Conclusions
- (1)
- Industrial transformation and upgrading. The transformation and upgrading of MF should be accelerated, and space for fishery development should be vigorously expanded. MT must be developed extensively, and the traditional development model should be improved. The advantages of MT resources should be given full play, the development and management of tourism resources should be improved, and the industrial value chain should be extended.
- (2)
- Industrial integration and development. The industrial linkage between MF and MT is the primary condition for industrial integration. Thus, the scientific and reasonable layout of marine industries and recycling of marine resources are necessary. Investment in marine science and technology should be increased to improve the efficiency of the use of marine resources. In addition, the marine industry chain should be expanded and improved gradually, the marine industry integration mechanism should be innovated, and the integration of MF and MT internal resources, technology, products, and markets should be enhanced. The marine industry development model should be optimized, and new marine industry sectors should be innovated. Furthermore, areas with special conditions should be encouraged to take the traditional fishing culture as their foundation and fishing and ecological aquaculture waters as their landscape, vigorously develop recreational fisheries, and develop in-depth recreational fishery demonstration bases.
- (3)
- Green ecological development. Coastlines and sea areas are the spatial carriers of MF and MT development. The advantages and disadvantages of their environment can determine the sustainability of the development of the two major industries. Maintaining the marine ecological environment, accelerating the construction of marine environments classified as protection or access systems, reasonably controlling the number of marine aquaculture and tourism firms, improving pollution prevention and control capabilities, implementing pollutant discharge assessment and accountability systems for marine-related enterprises, and strengthening management are necessary. Finally, the pollution and destruction of the marine environment should be prevented, and the protection of marine resources should be improved.
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Variable | Extent | Data Sources |
---|---|---|
Marine Fishes (LR) | Marine Fishes | Ministry of Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries “Fishery Output Statistics” |
MT (CT) | Fishing, boat racing, surfing, yachting, skin diving, swimming, tutoring, cruising, canoeing, rafting, fishermen’s inns, and fishermen’s restaurants | “Leisure White Paper,” “Input-Output Table” (1985–2018), and Sixth Industrialization Comprehensive Survey |
Obs. | Mean | SD | Min. | Max. | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
LR | 34 | 2,819,604 | 740,176 | 1,845,710 | 3,992,638 |
CT | 34 | 1,829,882 | 459,499.8 | 1,309,774 | 2,697,635 |
Obs | ADF | 1% | 5% | 10% | p-Value | Result | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
LnY | 30 | –1.645 | –3.716 | –2.986 | –2.624 | 0.4599 | Nonstationary |
lnX | 30 | 0.001 | –3.716 | –2.986 | –2.624 | 0.9586 | Nonstationary |
DlnY | 29 | –5.251 | –3.723 | –2.989 | –2.989 | 0.0001 | Stationary |
DlnX | 29 | –4.944 | –3.723 | –2.989 | –2.989 | 0.0000 | Stationary |
Hypothesized | Eigenvalue | Trace Statistic | 0.05 Critical Value | Prob. |
---|---|---|---|---|
None | 0.338,269 | 1,773,280 | 1,839,771 | 0.0618 |
At most 1 * | 0.197,817 | 6,171,722 | 3,841,466 | 0.0130 |
Hypothesized | F-Statistic | Df | Prob. |
---|---|---|---|
MT is not a Granger reason for MF | 8.699 | 2 | 0.0129 |
MF is not a Granger reason for MT | 2.670 | 2 | 0.2632 |
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Yao, W.; Zhang, W.; Li, W.; Li, P. Measurement and Evaluation of Convergence of Japan’s Marine Fisheries and Marine Tourism. Sustainability 2022, 14, 9108. https://doi.org/10.3390/su14159108
Yao W, Zhang W, Li W, Li P. Measurement and Evaluation of Convergence of Japan’s Marine Fisheries and Marine Tourism. Sustainability. 2022; 14(15):9108. https://doi.org/10.3390/su14159108
Chicago/Turabian StyleYao, Wei, Weikun Zhang, Wenxiu Li, and Penglong Li. 2022. "Measurement and Evaluation of Convergence of Japan’s Marine Fisheries and Marine Tourism" Sustainability 14, no. 15: 9108. https://doi.org/10.3390/su14159108