Biostimulation and Bioaugmentation of Soils Contaminated with Decachlorobiphenyl (PCB-209) Using Native Bacterial Strains Individually and in Consortia
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Chemical Reagents
2.2. Soil Samples
2.3. Bacterial Strains
2.4. Master Cell Bank
2.5. Biostimulation of Bacterial Strains in a Liquid Medium Contaminated with PCB
2.6. Bioaugmentation Assay
2.7. Measurement of Bacterial Growth in the Bioaugmentation Process
2.8. Physicochemical Characterization of Bioaugmented Soil
2.9. PCB-209 Quantification in Bioaugmented Soil
2.10. Statistic Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Biostimulation of Bacterial Strains
3.2. Bioaugmentation of PCB-Contaminated Soil by Individual Bacterial Strains or in Consortia
3.3. Physicochemical Characteristics of Bioaugmented Soil
3.4. PCB-209 Removal Potential by Bacterial Strains in the Bioaugmentation Process
3.5. Principal Component Analysis (PCA)
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Strain | Closest NCBI Match/Similarity (%) * | Accession Number | Phylum | Soil Collection Site |
---|---|---|---|---|
DCB13 | Bacillus thuringiensis L2.TYA/(95.6) | MZ544391 | Firmicutes | Tropical forest |
DCB28 | Staphylococcus argenteus MSHR1132/(100) | MZ544389 | Firmicutes | Agricultural rhizosphere |
CB104 | Acinetobacter baumannii B8342/(99.0) | MZ544388 | Proteobacteria | Hydroelectric power station |
Treatment | Inoculated Strain | Treatment Characteristic |
---|---|---|
T1 | Acinetobacter sp. DCB104 | 200 mg/kg of PCB-209 |
T2 | Staphylococcus sp. DCB28 | 200 mg/kg of PCB-209 |
T3 | Bacillus sp. DCB13 | 200 mg/kg of PCB-209 |
T4 | Consorsium (DCB104 + DCB28 + DCB13) | 200 mg/kg of PCB-209 |
C1 | Strain DCB104 | Without contaminant |
C2 | Strain DCB28 | Without contaminant |
C3 | Strain DCB13 | Without contaminant |
C4 | Consorsium (DCB104 + DCB28 + DCB13) | Without contaminant |
CQ | Without inoculum | 200 mg/kg of PCB-209 (chemical control) |
CN | Without inoculum | Without contaminant (negative control) |
Treatments | Treatment Characteristics | pH | EC (dS m−1) | SOM (%) | TP (mg kg−1) | TC (mg kg−1) | TN (mg kg−1) | C:N Ratio |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
T1 | Strain DCB104 + decachlorobiphenyl, PCB-209 | 6.1 B * | 0.400 A | 13.0 C | 4.4 CD | 7.1 B | 0.84 AB | 8.76 C |
T2 | Strain DCB28 + decachlorobiphenyl, PCB-209 | 6.1 B | 0.083 A | 12.6 CD | 5.1 B | 7.5 AB | 0.64 CD | 11.6 BC |
T3 | Strain DCB13 + decachlorobiphenyl, PCB-209 | 6.2 AB | 0.077 A | 14.1 B | 4.8 BC | 7.8 AB | 0.74 BC | 10.6 BC |
T4 | Consortium (DCB104, DCB28, and DCB13) + decachlorobiphenyl, PCB-209 | 5.9 B | 0.384 A | 15.4 A | 4.7 BC | 7.5 AB | 0.71 BCD | 10.4 BC |
C1 | Strain DCB104 | 6.6 AB | 0.093 A | 11.0 E | 4.7 BC | 8.3 AB | 0.71 BCD | 11.7 BC |
C2 | Strain DCB28 | 6.4 AB | 0.082 A | 12.0 D | 4.1 DE | 9.1 A | 0.90 A | 10.0 BC |
C3 | Strain DCB13 | 6.3 AB | 0.062 A | 11.0 E | 4.1 DE | 8.7 AB | 0.58 D | 16.4 A |
C4 | Consortium (DCB104, DCB28, and DCB13) | 6.5 AB | 0.080 A | 14.0 B | 3.7 E | 9.1 A | 0.69 BCD | 13.2 AB |
CQ | Decachlorobiphenyl, PCB-209 | 6.8 A | 0.082 A | 11.1 E | 3.9 E | 7.9 AB | 0.72 BCD | 10.9 BC |
CN | Uninoculated + without PCB-209 | 6.8 A | 0.090 A | 14.1 B | 5.6 A | 7.1 B | 0.57 D | 12.6 ABC |
p-value = | 0.0010 | 0.5566 | 0.0000 | 0.0000 | 0.0024 | 0.0059 | 0.0693 | |
Tukey HSD (p < 0.05) = | 0.6488 | 0.7005 | 0.6903 | 0.3970 | 1.7573 | 0.1577 | 4.19937 |
Treatments | Final Concentration of PCB-209 Remaining at Day 21 (mg/kg) | Estimated Amount Removed during Assay (mg/kg) | % of PCB-209 Remaining at Day 21 | Estimated Amount Removed During Assay (%) |
---|---|---|---|---|
T1 | 158.12 A * | 10.21 B | 94.15 B | 5.84 B |
T2 | 160.43 A | 9.58 B | 94.28 B | 5.71 B |
T3 | 160.02 A | 12.62 B | 93.33 B | 6.66 B |
T4 | 143.66 B | 17.33 A | 89.48 C | 10.51 A |
CQ | 163.10 A | 3.62 C | 97.53 A | 1.87 C |
p-value | 0.0017 | 0.0000 | 0.0000 | 0.0000 |
HSD (p < 0.05) | 11.9458 | 2.08816 | 1.93987 | 1.26814 |
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Zenteno-Rojas, A.; Rincón-Molina, C.I.; Martinez-Romero, E.; Manzano-Gomez, L.A.; Rincón-Molina, F.A.; Ruiz-Valdiviezo, V.M.; Rodriguez, R.I.C.; Maldonado, J.J.V.; Rincón-Rosales, R. Biostimulation and Bioaugmentation of Soils Contaminated with Decachlorobiphenyl (PCB-209) Using Native Bacterial Strains Individually and in Consortia. Sustainability 2022, 14, 9068. https://doi.org/10.3390/su14159068
Zenteno-Rojas A, Rincón-Molina CI, Martinez-Romero E, Manzano-Gomez LA, Rincón-Molina FA, Ruiz-Valdiviezo VM, Rodriguez RIC, Maldonado JJV, Rincón-Rosales R. Biostimulation and Bioaugmentation of Soils Contaminated with Decachlorobiphenyl (PCB-209) Using Native Bacterial Strains Individually and in Consortia. Sustainability. 2022; 14(15):9068. https://doi.org/10.3390/su14159068
Chicago/Turabian StyleZenteno-Rojas, Adalberto, Clara Ivette Rincón-Molina, Esperanza Martinez-Romero, Luis Alberto Manzano-Gomez, Francisco Alexander Rincón-Molina, Victor Manuel Ruiz-Valdiviezo, Rosa Isela Cruz Rodriguez, Juan Jose Villalobos Maldonado, and Reiner Rincón-Rosales. 2022. "Biostimulation and Bioaugmentation of Soils Contaminated with Decachlorobiphenyl (PCB-209) Using Native Bacterial Strains Individually and in Consortia" Sustainability 14, no. 15: 9068. https://doi.org/10.3390/su14159068