High-Temperature Rheological Properties of Crumb Rubber Composite Modified Asphalt
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Objectives and Scope
3. Materials
3.1. Asphalt
3.2. Crumb Rubber and Reacted and Activated Rubber
3.3. Composite Additives
3.4. Preparation of Composite Modified Asphalt
4. Experiment Design and Testing Methods
4.1. Design of Experiment
4.2. Rotational Viscometer (RV)
4.3. Dynamic Shear Rheometer (DSR)
4.4. Multiple Stress Creep Recovery (MSCR) Test
4.5. Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR) Test
5. Results and Discussion
5.1. Rotational Viscosity
5.2. Temperature Sweep
5.2.1. Variation Rule of Phase Angle
5.2.2. Variation Rule of Rutting Factor
5.2.3. Critical Temperature
5.2.4. Storage Modulus of Asphalt in Unaged and FTFO-Aged Condition
5.3. MSCR Test
5.3.1. Non-Recoverable Creep Compliance
5.3.2. Percent Recovery
5.3.3. Stress Sensitivity
5.4. FTIR Test
6. Conclusions
- The addition of rubber particles and composite additives increased the viscosity of the virgin asphalt at different testing temperatures and rotational speeds. However, the consequence was highly related to the types of composite additives. Concurrently, the viscosity of crumb rubber composite modified asphalt could still be adequately flowable for the workability and mixability during the construction.
- Crumb rubber composite modified asphalt presented lower non-recoverable creep compliance and higher percent recovery. Additionally, the crumb rubber composite modified asphalt reduced the stress sensitivity of percent difference in recovery, while improving the difference in the non-recoverable creep compliance compared with the virgin binder.
- For the evaluation of high-temperature performance for crumb rubber composite modified asphalt, the conclusions of the rutting factor and MSCR test were in agreement with each other, and the results in a diminishing sequence were: CRCM-RARX, CRCM-Sasobit/BRF, and CRCM-SBS.
- From the results of the microscopic test, a strong absorption peak caused by the O-H stretching vibration exists in CRCM-RARX. Due to the improving activation degree of rubber, the high-temperature performance of CRCM-RARX is effectively enhanced.
Author Contributions
Funding
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Property | Unit | Result | Specification | Method |
---|---|---|---|---|
Penetration at 25 °C | 0.1 mm | 63.5 | 60–80 | T0604-2011 |
Penetration index | - | −1.37 | −1.5~+1.0 | T0604-2011 |
Softening point (ring & ball method) | °C | 48.9 | ≥46 | T0606-2011 |
Density at 15 °C | g/cm−3 | 1.038 | measured records | T0603-2011 |
Ductility at 10 °C | cm | 31.2 | >20 | T0605-2011 |
Ductility at 15 °C | cm | >150 | >100 | T0605-2011 |
Dynamic viscosity at 60 °C | Pa.s | 208 | ≥180 | T0620-2011 |
Wax content | % | <2.1 | <2.2 | T0615-2011 |
Solubility (TCE) | % | >99.5 | >99.5 | T0607-2011 |
Flash point (COC) | °C | >260 | >260 | T0611-2011 |
After RTFO (163 °C, 85 min) | ||||
Mass loss | % | 0.03 | ≤±0.8 | T0610-2011 |
Residual penetration ratio (25 °C) | % | 67 | ≥61 | T0604-2011 |
Residual ductility (10 °C) | cm | 6.9 | ≥6 | T0605-2011 |
Residual ductility (15 °C) | cm | 18 | ≥15 | T0605-2011 |
Chemical Properties of Crumb Rubber (by Weight of Crumb Rubber) | |
---|---|
Property | Percentage (wt. %) |
Moisture content | 0.6 |
Ash content | 5.11 |
Carbon black content | 28.43 |
Acetone content | 9.85 |
Fiber content | 0.0.1 |
Sulfur content | 1.47 |
Technical properties of Reacted and Activated Rubber (RAR) | |
Item | Technique information |
Physical state | Solid, Black/grey powder |
Odor and appearance | Mild rubber, black/grey with brownish color granules |
Bulk density (g/cm−3) | 0.6 ± 0.03 |
Specific gravity | 1.031 ± 0.03 |
Flash point (°C) | >300 |
Solubility | Insoluble in water |
Chemical stability | Incompatible with strong oxidizing |
Item | Technique Information |
---|---|
Technical information of BRF | |
Physical state | Black with brownish color powders |
PH value | 7.0~7.5 |
Moisture content | 0~50 |
Particle size D90 (μm) | ≤13 |
Organic content (%) | 25~35 |
Inorganic content (%) | 35~45 |
Technical information of Sasobit | |
Physical state/odor and appearance | White/yellowish prills (small pellets), odorless |
Density at 25 ℃ (g/cm−3) | 0.94 |
Flash point (℃) | ≥285 |
Drop melting point (℃) | Around 115 °C |
Chemical composition | Long-chain aliphatic hydrocarbon |
Technical information of SBS | |
Structure type | Star-shaped SBS |
Styrene/butadiene (S/B) | 31/69 |
Molecular weight (×104) | 23~28 |
Tensile strength (kg·cm−2) | 330 |
Hardness (shore A) | 76 |
Specific gravity | 0.94 |
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Gong, F.; Lin, W.; Chen, Z.; Shen, T.; Hu, C. High-Temperature Rheological Properties of Crumb Rubber Composite Modified Asphalt. Sustainability 2022, 14, 8999. https://doi.org/10.3390/su14158999
Gong F, Lin W, Chen Z, Shen T, Hu C. High-Temperature Rheological Properties of Crumb Rubber Composite Modified Asphalt. Sustainability. 2022; 14(15):8999. https://doi.org/10.3390/su14158999
Chicago/Turabian StyleGong, Fangyuan, Weijie Lin, Zhenkan Chen, Tao Shen, and Chichun Hu. 2022. "High-Temperature Rheological Properties of Crumb Rubber Composite Modified Asphalt" Sustainability 14, no. 15: 8999. https://doi.org/10.3390/su14158999