Effects of Intrinsic and Extrinsic Motivational Factors on Employee Participation in Internal Crowdsourcing Initiatives in China
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Background
2.1. Crowdsourcing
2.2. The Concept of Motivation
2.3. Self-Determination Theory
2.4. Chinese Culture
2.4.1. Chinese Generation Differences
2.4.2. Chinese Employee Motivation in IntCS
2.5. Research Model
3. Research Methodology
3.1. Research Instrument Data Collection
3.2. Research Questionnaire
3.3. Data Analysis
4. Findings
4.1. Research Questionnaire
4.2. Analysis of Variance
4.3. Measurement Model Assessment
4.3.1. Item Reliability
4.3.2. Construction Reliability
4.3.3. Convergent Validity
4.3.4. Discriminant Validity
4.4. Structural Model Assessment
4.4.1. Path Coefficients of Hypotheses H1 and H4—Perceived Autonomy
4.4.2. Path Coefficients of Hypotheses H2 and H5—Perceived Competence
4.4.3. Path Coefficients of Hypotheses H3 and H6—Perceived Relatedness
4.4.4. Path Coefficients of Hypotheses H7 and H8—Intrinsic and Extrinsic Motivation
4.4.5. R2 Measurements
4.4.6. Mediating Effect of Intrinsic Motivation
5. Discussions
5.1. Antecedents of Motivation
5.2. Motivation for IntCS Participation
5.3. Indirect Effect of EXT on IntCS Participation
5.4. Generations Differences in the Effect of Participation in IntCS
6. Contributions, Limitations, and Recommendations
6.1. Theoretical Contributions
6.2. Practical Contributions
6.3. Limitations and Recommendations
7. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Category | Total Sample | Social Reform Generation (Age 40+) | Generation Y & Generation Z (Age 20–40) |
---|---|---|---|
Variable: Gender | |||
Male | 328 (75%) | 19 (79%) | 309 (75%) |
Female | 107 (25%) | 5 (21%) | 102 (25%) |
Variable: Age | |||
20–25 | 178 (41%) | ||
26–30 | 104 (24%) | ||
31–35 | 78 (18%) | 411 (94%) | |
36–40 | 51 (12%) | ||
41–45 | 19 (4%) | ||
46 | 5 (1%) | 24 (6%) | |
Variable: Home Province | |||
Southern China | 394 (91%) | 19 (79%) | 375 (91%) |
Northern China | 11 (3%) | 1 (4%) | 10 (2%) |
Eastern China | 15 (3%) | 1 (4%) | 14 (3%) |
Southwestern China | 8 (2%) | 2 (8%) | 6 (1%) |
Northwestern China | 7 (2%) | 1 (4%) | 6 (1%) |
Variable: Education Level | |||
Below College | 5 (1%) | 1 (4%) | 4 (1%) |
College | 188 (43%) | 8 (33%) | 180 (44%) |
Bachelor | 233 (54%) | 14 (58%) | 219 (53%) |
Master of above | 9 (2%) | 1 (4%) | 8 (2%) |
Variable: Seniority | |||
Junior Engineer | 203 (47%) | 1 (4%) | 202 (49%) |
Senior Engineer | 95 (22%) | 1 (4%) | 94 (23%) |
Team Leader | 56 (13%) | 9 (38%) | 47 (11%) |
Manager | 60 (14%) | 4 (17%) | 56 (14%) |
Senior Manager | 21 (5%) | 9 (38%) | 12 (3%) |
Variable: Year of Experiences | |||
1–3 | 186 (43%) | 0 (0%) | 186 (45%) |
4–5 | 64 (15%) | 1 (4%) | 63 (15%) |
6–10 | 92 (21%) | 1 (4%) | 91 (22%) |
11–15 | 64 (15%) | 3 (13%) | 61 (15%) |
16 | 29 (7%) | 19 (79%) | 10 (2%) |
Variable: Company Size | |||
50 | 9 (2%) | 1 (4%) | 8 (2%) |
51–100 | 58 (13%) | 1 (4%) | 57 (14%) |
101–200 | 0 (0%) | 0 (0%) | 0 (0%) |
201–300 | 286 (66%) | 18 (75%) | 268 (65%) |
301 | 82 (19%) | 4 (17%) | 78 (19%) |
Variable: Salary level per month (RMB) | |||
8000 | 204 (47%) | 3 (13%) | 201 (49%) |
8001–12,000 | 130 (30%) | 8 (33%) | 122 (30%) |
12,001–20,000 | 88 (20%) | 8 (33%) | 80 (19%) |
20,001–30,000 | 11 (3%) | 4 (17%) | 7 (2%) |
30,001 | 2 (0%) | 1 (4%) | 1 (0%) |
SS | Df | MS | F | p-Value | F Crit | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Autonomy | ||||||
A | 4.4626 | 2.0000 | 2.2313 | 3.0915 | 0.0464 | 3.0166 |
B | 311.7909 | 432.0000 | 0.7217 | |||
Competence | ||||||
A | 20.8517 | 2.0000 | 10.4259 | 13.2886 | 0.0000 | 3.0166 |
B | 338.9344 | 432.0000 | 0.7846 | |||
Relatedness | ||||||
A | 1.9457 | 2.0000 | 0.9729 | 1.6506 | 0.1931 | 3.0166 |
B | 254.6172 | 432.0000 | 0.5894 |
Gen Z and Y | Gen Z and SR | Gen Y and SR | |
---|---|---|---|
Df | 286.0000 | 29.0000 | 33.0000 |
t stat | −1.8217 | −2.3457 | −1.2977 |
p-value | 0.0695 | 0.0260 | 0.2034 |
t Critical | 1.9683 | 2.0452 | 2.0345 |
Gen Z and Y | Gen Z and Social Reform | Gen Y and Social Reform | |
---|---|---|---|
df | 320.0000 | 32.0000 | 35.0000 |
t stat | −4.8046 | −4.3781 | −1.4673 |
p value | 0.0000 | 0.0001 | 0.1512 |
t Critical | 1.9674 | 2.0369 | 2.0301 |
Measurement Variables | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Autonomy | AU01 | AU03 | AU04 | AU06 | ||
OL | 0.7625 | 0.8187 | 0.8046 | 0.8174 | ||
t-value | 23.520 | 34.220 | 22.655 | 32.681 | ||
Competence | COM1 | COM3 | COM4 | COM5 | COM6 | |
OL | 0.7998 | 0.8805 | 0.7893 | 0.9042 | 0.8769 | |
t-value | 23.873 | 53.183 | 23.820 | 73.071 | 75.171 | |
Relatedness | RE01 | RE02 | RE05 | |||
OL | 0.8515 | 0.851 | 0.7932 | |||
t-value | 30.815 | 32.733 | 22.301 | |||
Extrinsic motivation | EXT01 | EXT02 | EXT03 | EXT04 | ||
OL | 0.7874 | 0.8672 | 0.9033 | 0.8836 | ||
t-value | 25.361 | 53.401 | 82.555 | 37.537 | ||
Intrinsic motivation | INT01 | INT02 | INT03 | INT04 | INT05 | INT06 |
OL | 0.8913 | 0.9051 | 0.9233 | 0.9035 | 0.9023 | 0.8835 |
t-value | 61.978 | 70.790 | 89.841 | 71.273 | 74.837 | 51.938 |
Participation effort | PE01 | PE02 | PE03 | PE04 | PE05 | |
OL | 0.9112 | 0.8758 | 0.8947 | 0.9048 | 0.8678 | |
t-value | 87.923 | 52.761 | 46.906 | 62.826 | 58.082 |
AVE | CR | R2 | CA | |
---|---|---|---|---|
AU | 0.6418 | 0.8774 | 0.8136 | |
COM | 0.7250 | 0.9293 | 0.9047 | |
RE | 0.6928 | 0.8711 | 0.7786 | |
EXT | 0.7422 | 0.9199 | 0.2196 | 0.8855 |
INT | 0.8129 | 0.9630 | 0.3398 | 0.9539 |
PE | 0.7939 | 0.9506 | 0.6503 | 0.9351 |
AVE | AU | COM | EXT | INT | PE | RE | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
AU | 0.6418 | 0.8011 | |||||
COM | 0.7250 | 0.5496 | 0.8514 | ||||
EXT | 0.7422 | 0.4089 | 0.4155 | 0.8615 | |||
INT | 0.8129 | 0.5254 | 0.4880 | 0.7874 | 0.9016 | ||
PE | 0.7939 | 0.4910 | 0.4807 | 0.6573 | 0.8055 | 0.8910 | |
RE | 0.6928 | 0.5380 | 0.4774 | 0.2816 | 0.4020 | 0.4142 | 0.8323 |
AU | COM | EXT | INT | PE | RE | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
AU01 | 0.7625 | 0.5559 | 0.2948 | 0.4281 | 0.4222 | 0.5014 |
AU03 | 0.8187 | 0.4074 | 0.3411 | 0.4494 | 0.4391 | 0.4726 |
AU04 | 0.8046 | 0.4218 | 0.3331 | 0.3843 | 0.3462 | 0.3284 |
AU06 | 0.8174 | 0.3812 | 0.3400 | 0.4189 | 0.3626 | 0.4168 |
COM01 | 0.4229 | 0.7998 | 0.3451 | 0.3859 | 0.3571 | 0.3676 |
COM03 | 0.4406 | 0.8805 | 0.3141 | 0.3777 | 0.3836 | 0.4250 |
COM04 | 0.4324 | 0.7893 | 0.2965 | 0.3479 | 0.3275 | 0.4122 |
COM05 | 0.4958 | 0.9042 | 0.3440 | 0.4246 | 0.4441 | 0.4396 |
COM06 | 0.5284 | 0.8769 | 0.4397 | 0.5083 | 0.4994 | 0.3959 |
EXT01 | 0.2752 | 0.2867 | 0.7874 | 0.4898 | 0.4061 | 0.1076 |
EXT02 | 0.3062 | 0.3508 | 0.8672 | 0.5965 | 0.5110 | 0.2073 |
EXT03 | 0.4011 | 0.4018 | 0.9033 | 0.7943 | 0.6738 | 0.2996 |
EXT04 | 0.3992 | 0.3742 | 0.8836 | 0.7667 | 0.6197 | 0.3083 |
INT01 | 0.4710 | 0.4802 | 0.7644 | 0.8913 | 0.7081 | 0.3178 |
INT02 | 0.4659 | 0.3940 | 0.7303 | 0.9051 | 0.7405 | 0.3690 |
INT03 | 0.4459 | 0.4434 | 0.7215 | 0.9233 | 0.7332 | 0.3494 |
INT04 | 0.5013 | 0.4812 | 0.6960 | 0.9035 | 0.6930 | 0.3914 |
INT05 | 0.4850 | 0.4039 | 0.7194 | 0.9023 | 0.7616 | 0.3716 |
INT06 | 0.4723 | 0.4385 | 0.6273 | 0.8835 | 0.7195 | 0.3746 |
PE01 | 0.4155 | 0.3736 | 0.5904 | 0.7086 | 0.9112 | 0.3693 |
PE02 | 0.4345 | 0.4183 | 0.5899 | 0.7161 | 0.8758 | 0.3666 |
PE03 | 0.4246 | 0.4424 | 0.5709 | 0.6803 | 0.8947 | 0.3738 |
PE04 | 0.4583 | 0.4610 | 0.5685 | 0.6885 | 0.9048 | 0.4057 |
PE05 | 0.4516 | 0.4446 | 0.6033 | 0.7832 | 0.8678 | 0.3333 |
RE01 | 0.4126 | 0.4046 | 0.2601 | 0.3290 | 0.3438 | 0.8515 |
RE02 | 0.4560 | 0.3781 | 0.2184 | 0.2829 | 0.3029 | 0.8510 |
RE05 | 0.4718 | 0.4036 | 0.2213 | 0.3798 | 0.3776 | 0.7932 |
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Suen, T.Y.T.; Cheung, S.K.S.; Wang, F.L.; Hui, J.Y.K. Effects of Intrinsic and Extrinsic Motivational Factors on Employee Participation in Internal Crowdsourcing Initiatives in China. Sustainability 2022, 14, 8878. https://doi.org/10.3390/su14148878
Suen TYT, Cheung SKS, Wang FL, Hui JYK. Effects of Intrinsic and Extrinsic Motivational Factors on Employee Participation in Internal Crowdsourcing Initiatives in China. Sustainability. 2022; 14(14):8878. https://doi.org/10.3390/su14148878
Chicago/Turabian StyleSuen, Ted Y. T., Simon K. S. Cheung, Fu Lee Wang, and John Y. K. Hui. 2022. "Effects of Intrinsic and Extrinsic Motivational Factors on Employee Participation in Internal Crowdsourcing Initiatives in China" Sustainability 14, no. 14: 8878. https://doi.org/10.3390/su14148878
APA StyleSuen, T. Y. T., Cheung, S. K. S., Wang, F. L., & Hui, J. Y. K. (2022). Effects of Intrinsic and Extrinsic Motivational Factors on Employee Participation in Internal Crowdsourcing Initiatives in China. Sustainability, 14(14), 8878. https://doi.org/10.3390/su14148878