Determining the Level of Use of the Industry 4.0 Solutions in the COVID-19 Pandemic Era: Results of Empirical Research
Abstract
:1. Introduction
Study Target
2. Literature Review
3. Materials and Methods
3.1. Sample and Data Collection
3.2. Structure of the Research Group
3.3. Measures
4. Results
4.1. Actual Usage of Industry 4.0 Technology
4.2. Future Plans for Technology Usage
4.3. Strength of Barriers Influence
4.4. Cooperation Influence
5. Discussion and Conclusions
5.1. Summary of Main Research Results
- There is a moderate positive correlation between cooperation in the field of Industry 4.0 and future implementation of Industry 4.0 individual technological solutions. Specifically, the technologies, such as big data and analytics, cloud computing, IoT, and mobile technologies are directly related to Industry 4.0 future plans. It is also a fact that specific Industry 4.0 technologies are implemented by organisations regardless of cooperation with the external parties or other partnerships, i.e., cybersecurity or additive manufacturing.
- Barriers, such as too-individualised customer requirements, insufficient standardisation, costs, and lack of employee’s acceptance, affect the implementation of individual Industry 4.0 solutions with varying intensity. An obvious negative correlation between barriers and technology implementation was confirmed; nevertheless, its strength varies from low to moderate. The lack of strong relationship between measured variables could lead to the conclusion that none of them could stop or limit the implementation of these solutions in the surveyed organisations.
- Barriers, such as too-individualised customer requirements, insufficient standardisation, costs, and lack of employee’s acceptance, affect the cooperation in the field of Industry 4.0. A negative correlation between them was confirmed. All mentioned barriers do not support activities related to cooperation with external partners.
5.2. Theoretical Contribution
5.3. Practical Contribution
5.4. Limitations and Further Studies
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Source | Industry 4.0 Definition | Key Factors Tools | Aim |
---|---|---|---|
Durana et al., 2019 [4] | I4.0 means a new paradigm of modern manufacturing. | Continuous innovation processes; technological development. | To be prepared for new challenges. |
Müller, J. and Voigt, K., 2018 [5,6,8] | New paradigm of digitised and connected manufacturing. | Integrated Internet of Things and Services Industrial value creation. | To transform factories into smart and autonomous production facilities. |
Kamble et al., 2018 [14] | I4.0 comprises a variety of technologies to enable the development of the value chain. | Digital and automated manufacturing. | To reduce manufacturing lead times; Improve product quality; Improve organisational performance. |
German Federal Ministry for Economic Affairs and Climate Action and Platform I4.0 [15,16] | Intelligent networking of machines and processes for industry with the help of information and communication technology. | Availability; transparency; access to data; ICT—information and communication technology. | To work in a connected economy and largely determine competitiveness. |
Polish Ministry of Development and Technology and Industry Platform of the Future [17] | Concept which describes complex process of technological and organisational transformation of enterprises. | Integration of the value chain; introduction of new business models; digitisation of products and services; | To cover individualised customer needs and the growing trend of personalising products and services. |
Micha and Kmieciak 2020 [18] Li et al., 2019 [19] | Technology-driven paradigm shift of manufacturing industry that will digitally integrate production networks both horizontally and vertically. | Based on cyber-physical systems (CPS) and Internet of Things (IoT). | To integrate machines, devices, production, and logistics systems. |
Item | Questions—Actual Usage (A) |
A1 | Have you heard about the Industry 4.0 concept? |
A2 | Please specify which technologies ARE used in your company: |
A2_1 | Big Data and analytics |
A2_2 | Autonomous robots |
A2_3 | Simulation |
A2_4 | Integration of the horizontal and vertical system |
A2_5 | Internet of Things (IoT) |
A2_6 | Cyber security |
A2_7 | Additive manufacturing (e.g., 3D printing) |
A2_8 | Augmented reality |
A2_9 | Cloud computing |
A2_10 | Mobile technologies |
A2_11 | Artificial intelligence |
A2_12 | Radio Frequency Identification (RFID) |
A2_13 | Real-time Location System (RTLS) |
A3 | Our Company integrates digitalisation as part of the corporate strategy. |
A4 | Our mission and vision are in line with digital technologies. |
A5 | Activities in our warehouses are fully automated. |
A6 | Transport activities are planned with the help of digital technologies. |
A7 | Our organisation uses digital technologies for the recruitment and selection of personnel. |
Item | Questions—Future Plans (F) |
F1 | Please specify which technologies WILL BE used in your company. |
F1_1 | Big Data and analytics |
F1_2 | Autonomous robots |
F1_3 | Simulation |
F1_4 | Integration of the horizontal and vertical system |
F1_5 | Internet of Things (IoT) |
F1_6 | Cyber security |
F1_7 | Additive manufacturing (e.g., 3D printing) |
F1_8 | Augmented reality |
F1_9 | Cloud computing |
F1_10 | Mobile technologies |
F1_11 | Artificial intelligence |
F1_12 | Radio Frequency Identification (RFID) |
F1_13 | Real-time Location System (RTLS) |
F2 | Over the next 3–5 years, our Company plans to increase the degree of automation |
F3 | Over the next 3–5 years, our Company plans to significantly increase digitisation and computerisation. |
F4 | Our Company plans to increase capital expenditure related to Industry 4.0 over the next five years. |
Item | Questions—Fears and Barriers (B) |
B1 | Customer requirements are too individualised to implement Industry 4.0. |
B2 | We have too little standardisation to implement Industry 4.0. |
B3 | For us, the costs outweigh the benefits of Industry 4.0. |
BP4 | Our employees are afraid of being dependent on Industry 4.0 technologies. |
BP5 | We expect that Industry 4.0 is not accepted by employees. |
BP6 | We expect our employees to be unfamiliar with Industry 4.0. |
BP7 | Industry 4.0 makes us lose our flexibility, requiring expensive solutions. |
Cooperation (C) | |
C1 | We are looking for a partner who will help us implement I4.0 solutions. |
C2 | We need to find a partner who will help us implement I4.0 solutions. |
C3 | We plan to find a partner to help us implement I4.0 solutions. |
C4 | We plan to implement Industry 4.0 solutions. |
Questions Group | Item | Mean | Std Dev | Cronbach’s Alpha Value |
---|---|---|---|---|
Actual usage (A) | A1 | 3.98 | 1.27 | 0.922 |
A2_1 | 3.16 | 1.38 | ||
A2_2 | 2.55 | 1.46 | ||
A2_3 | 3.27 | 1.41 | ||
A2_4 | 3.17 | 1.15 | ||
A2_5 | 2.94 | 1.34 | ||
A2_6 | 4.05 | 1.09 | ||
A2_7 | 2.84 | 1.42 | ||
A2_8 | 2.46 | 1.20 | ||
A2_9 | 2.99 | 1.38 | ||
A2_10 | 3.69 | 1.25 | ||
A2_11 | 2.54 | 1.37 | ||
A2_12 | 2.87 | 1.48 | ||
A2_13 | 2.49 | 1.31 | ||
A3 | 3.41 | 1.22 | ||
A4 | 3.74 | 1.16 | ||
A5 | 2.46 | 1.22 | ||
A6 | 3.10 | 1.28 | ||
A7 | 2.98 | 1.28 | ||
Future plans (F) | F1_1 | 3.24 | 1.18 | 0.949 |
F1_2 | 3.06 | 1.35 | ||
F1_3 | 3.32 | 1.31 | ||
F1_4 | 3.38 | 1.15 | ||
F1_5 | 3.19 | 1.22 | ||
F1_6 | 4.02 | 1.14 | ||
F1_7 | 3.19 | 1.37 | ||
F1_8 | 3.00 | 1.21 | ||
F1_9 | 3.35 | 1.34 | ||
F1_10 | 3.67 | 1.25 | ||
F1_11 | 3.05 | 1.29 | ||
F1_12 | 3.21 | 1.34 | ||
F1_13 | 2.95 | 1.30 | ||
F2 | 3.83 | 1.10 | ||
F3 | 3.92 | 1.04 | ||
F4 | 3.46 | 1.14 | ||
Fears and Barriers (B) | B1 | 2.25 | 1.12 | 0.802 |
B2 | 2.35 | 1.11 | ||
B3 | 2.39 | 1.02 | ||
BP4 | 2.36 | 1.01 | ||
BP5 | 2.50 | 1.07 | ||
BP6 | 3.05 | 1.21 | ||
BP7 | 2.08 | 0.84 | ||
Inter-organisational Cooperation (C) | C1 | 3.98 | 1.04 | 0.754 |
C2 | 3.90 | 1.09 | ||
C3 | 3.02 | 1.00 | ||
C4 | 4.00 | 1.00 |
A1 | Count | % | Cumulative % |
---|---|---|---|
1 | 11 | 8.80 | 8.80 |
2 | 14 | 11.20 | 20.00 |
3 | 7 | 5.60 | 25.60 |
4 | 40 | 32.00 | 57.60 |
5 | 53 | 42.40 | 100.00 |
Enterprise | Measures | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | All |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Other | Count | 2 | 4 | 1 | 11 | 15 | 33 |
% of Row | 6.06 | 12.12 | 3.01 | 33.33 | 45.45 | 100 | |
Poland | Count | 9 | 10 | 6 | 29 | 38 | 92 |
% of Row | 9.78 | 10.87 | 6.52 | 31.52 | 41.3 | 100 | |
Large | Count | 6 | 11 | 2 | 29 | 35 | 83 |
% of Row | 7.23 | 13.25 | 2.41 | 34.94 | 42.17 | 100 | |
SME | Count | 5 | 1 | 2 | 10 | 14 | 32 |
% of Row | 15.63 | 3.13 | 6.25 | 31.25 | 43.75 | 100 | |
Count | 0 | 2 | 3 | 1 | 4 | 10 | |
Micro | % of Row | 0 | 20.00 | 30.00 | 10.00 | 40.00 | 100 |
Variable | N | Mean | StDev | Q1 | Median | Q3 | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Size | Large | 83 | 3.92 | 1.28 | 1.00 | 4.00 | 4.00 |
Small and Medium | 32 | 3.84 | 1.44 | 1.00 | 3.25 | 4.00 | |
Micro | 10 | 3.70 | 1.25 | 2.00 | 2.75 | 3.50 | |
Participant | Management | 87 | 4.21 | 1.06 | 1.00 | 4.00 | 5.00 |
Specialist | 34 | 3.12 | 1.55 | 1.00 | 1.75 | 4.00 | |
Employee | 4 | 3.25 | 1.50 | 2.00 | 2.00 | 3.00 | |
Company sector | Industry | 93 | 3.93 | 1.31 | 4.00 | 4.00 | 5.00 |
Service | 32 | 3.71 | 1.30 | 3.00 | 4.00 | 5.00 |
Variable | Description | Mean | Median | Mode | StDev | Total Count |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
A2_1 | Big Data and analytics | 3.16 | 3.00 | 4 | 1.36 | 125 |
A2_2 | Autonomous robots | 2.65 | 2.00 | 1 | 1.50 | 125 |
A2_3 | Simulation | 3.24 | 4.00 | 4 | 1.41 | 125 |
A2_4 | Integrat. of the horizontal and vertical syst. | 3.15 | 3.00 | 3 | 1.18 | 125 |
A2_5 | Internet of Things (IoT) | 2.96 | 3.00 | 3 | 1.37 | 125 |
A2_6 | Cyber security | 4.11 | 4.00 | 5 | 1.11 | 125 |
A2_7 | Additive manufacturing (e.g., 3D printing) | 2.96 | 3.00 | 1; 4 | 1.48 | 125 |
A2_8 | Augmented reality | 2.51 | 2.00 | 2 | 1.26 | 125 |
A2_9 | Cloud computing | 3.04 | 3.00 | 4 | 1.36 | 125 |
A2_10 | Mobile technologies | 3.73 | 4.00 | 4 | 1.22 | 125 |
A2_11 | Artificial intelligence | 2.59 | 2.00 | 1 | 1.38 | 125 |
A2_12 | Radio Frequency Identification (RFID) | 2.98 | 3.00 | 1; 4 | 1.48 | 125 |
A2_13 | Real-time Location System (RTLS) | 2.57 | 2.50 | 1 | 1.34 | 125 |
Variable | Mean | Median | Mode | StDev | Total Count |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
A3—Our Company integrates digitalisation as part of the corporate strategy | 3.455 | 4.000 | 4 | 1.212 | 88 |
A4—Our mission and vision are in line with digital technologies | 3.759 | 4.000 | 4 | 1.141 | 87 |
A5—Operations in our warehouses are fully automated | 2.488 | 2.000 | 2 | 1.225 | 86 |
A6—Transport activities are planned using digital technologies | 3.116 | 3.000 | 4 | 1.278 | 86 |
A7—Our organisation uses digital technologies for the recruitment and selection of personnel | 3.023 | 3.000 | 4 | 1.294 | 87 |
Value | Measures | Employee | Specialist | Management | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Large | Micro | SME | Large | Micro | SME | Large | Micro | SME | ||
1 | Count | 1 | 0 | 0 | 3 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 4 |
% of Row | 10 | 0 | 0 | 30 | 0 | 10 | 0 | 10 | 40 | |
2 | Count | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 4 |
% of Row | 0 | 0 | 0 | 14.29 | 0 | 0 | 14.29 | 14.29 | 57.14 | |
3 | Count | 0 | 0 | 0 | 5 | 0 | 4 | 7 | 1 | 3 |
% of Row | 0 | 0 | 0 | 25 | 0 | 20 | 35 | 5 | 15 | |
4 | Count | 0 | 1 | 0 | 12 | 0 | 1 | 16 | 2 | 3 |
% of Row | 0 | 2.86 | 0 | 34.29 | 0 | 2.86 | 45.71 | 5.71 | 8.57 | |
5 | Count | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 13 | 0 | 3 |
% of Row | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 81.25 | 0 | 18.75 | |
All | Count | 1 | 1 | 0 | 21 | 0 | 6 | 37 | 5 | 17 |
% of Row | 1.14 | 1.14 | 0 | 23.86 | 0 | 6.82 | 42.05 | 5.68 | 19.32 |
Variable | Description | Mean | Median | Mode | StDev | Total Count |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
F1_1 | Big Data and analytics | 3.35 | 3.00 | 3 | 1.18 | 125 |
F1_2 | Autonomous robots | 3.07 | 3.00 | 4 | 1.35 | 125 |
F1_3 | Simulation | 3.38 | 4.00 | 4 | 1.31 | 125 |
F1_4 | Integration of the horizontal and vertical syst. | 3.35 | 3.00 | 3 | 1.17 | 125 |
F1_5 | Internet of Things (IoT) | 3.24 | 3.00 | 3 | 1.24 | 125 |
F1_6 | Cyber security | 4.05 | 4.00 | 5 | 1.12 | 125 |
F1_7 | Additive manufacturing (e.g., 3D printing) | 3.21 | 3.00 | 3 | 1.39 | 125 |
F1_8 | Augmented reality | 3.06 | 3.00 | 3 | 1.18 | 125 |
F1_9 | Cloud computing | 3.38 | 3.00 | 3 | 1.29 | 125 |
F1_10 | Mobile technologies | 3.77 | 4.00 | 4 | 1.18 | 125 |
F1_11 | Artificial intelligence | 3.10 | 3.00 | 3 | 1.25 | 125 |
F1_12 | Radio Frequency Identification (RFID) | 3.22 | 3.00 | 3 | 1.31 | 125 |
F1_13 | Real-time Location System (RTLS) | 2.99 | 3.00 | 3 | 1.25 | 125 |
Variable | Large | SME | Micro | All |
---|---|---|---|---|
Big Data and analytics | −0.75 | −0.82 | −0.43 | −0.76 |
Autonomous robots | −0.46 | −0.98 | −1.40 | −0.66 |
Simulation | 0.23 | −0.10 | 0.29 | 0.14 |
Integration of the horizontal and vertical system | 0.17 | 0.17 | 0.40 | 0.20 |
Internet of Things (IoT) | 0.15 | 0.12 | −0.50 | 0.09 |
Cyber security | 1.15 | 0.84 | 0.31 | 1.01 |
Additive manufacturing (e.g., 3D printing) | 0.36 | 0.11 | −0.52 | 0.23 |
Augmented reality | 0.15 | 0.10 | −0.19 | 0.11 |
Cloud computing | 0.10 | 1.14 | 1.40 | 0.42 |
Mobile technologies | 1.00 | 1.29 | 1.58 | 1.12 |
Artificial intelligence | 0.58 | 0.53 | 0.00 | 0.52 |
Radio Frequency Identification (RFID) | 0.77 | 0.38 | 0.52 | 0.65 |
Real-time Location System (RTLS) | 0.63 | 0.06 | 0.45 | 0.47 |
Variable | Mean | Median | Mode | StDev | Total Count |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
F2—Over the next 3–5 years, our Company plans to increase the degree of automation | 3.89 | 4.00 | 4 | 1.09 | 88 |
F3—Over the next 3–5 years, our Company plans to significantly increase digitisation and computerisation | 3.86 | 4.00 | 4 | 1.04 | 87 |
F4—Our Company plans to increase capital expenditure related to Industry 4.0 over the next five years | 3.48 | 2.00 | 3 | 1.13 | 86 |
Variable | Mean | Median | Mode | StDev | Total Count |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
BP4—Our employees are afraid of being dependent on I4.0 technologies | 2.35 | 2 | 2 | 1.00 | 123 |
BP5—We expect that I4.0 is not accepted by employees | 2.43 | 2 | 2 | 1.04 | 105 |
BP6—We expect our employees to be unfamiliar with I4.0 | 2.97 | 3 | 4 | 1.23 | 102 |
BP7—I4.0 makes us lose our flexibility, requiring expensive solutions | 2.05 | 2 | 2 | 0.83 | 102 |
B1 | B2 | B3 | BP4 | BP5 | BP6 | BP7 | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
A2_1 | −0.33 | −0.32 | −0.44 | 0.00 | −0.17 | −0.32 | −0.13 |
A2_2 | −0.14 | −0.11 | −0.22 | −0.05 | −0.09 | −0.21 | −0.10 |
A2_3 | −0.26 | −0.18 | −0.27 | −0.16 | −0.24 | −0.38 | −0.17 |
A2_4 | −0.29 | −0.34 | −0.31 | −0.13 | −0.24 | −0.26 | −0.13 |
A2_5 | −0.29 | −0.33 | −0.45 | 0.01 | −0.11 | −0.21 | −0.01 |
A2_6 | −0.35 | −0.40 | −0.24 | −0.10 | −0.20 | −0.08 | −0.10 |
A2_7 | −0.18 | −0.02 | −0.23 | −0.01 | −0.07 | −0.25 | −0.14 |
A2_8 | −0.27 | −0.20 | −0.37 | −0.13 | −0.10 | −0.36 | −0.20 |
A2_9 | −0.26 | −0.30 | −0.36 | −0.20 | −0.21 | −0.40 | −0.12 |
A2_10 | −0.28 | −0.23 | −0.38 | −0.16 | −0.19 | −0.30 | −0.04 |
A2_11 | −0.26 | −0.32 | −0.34 | −0.14 | −0.15 | −0.25 | −0.09 |
A2_12 | −0.24 | −0.20 | −0.35 | −0.01 | −0.16 | −0.15 | −0.04 |
A2_13 | −0.20 | −0.19 | −0.28 | 0.03 | −0.09 | −0.19 | −0.09 |
B1 | B2 | B3 | BP4 | BP5 | BP6 | BP7 | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
F1_1 | −0.50 | −0.47 | −0.51 | 0.00 | −0.13 | −0.07 | −0.08 |
F1_2 | −0.29 | −0.23 | −0.39 | 0.02 | −0.03 | −0.08 | −0.06 |
F1_3 | −0.39 | −0.30 | −0.34 | −0.07 | −0.11 | −0.12 | −0.15 |
F1_4 | −0.46 | −0.35 | −0.41 | −0.09 | −0.05 | −0.06 | −0.19 |
F1_5 | −0.42 | −0.32 | −0.47 | 0.03 | −0.07 | −0.12 | −0.01 |
F1_6 | −0.42 | −0.45 | −0.36 | −0.02 | −0.10 | −0.02 | −0.13 |
F1_7 | −0.28 | −0.28 | −0.37 | 0.05 | −0.01 | −0.08 | −0.06 |
F1_8 | −0.39 | −0.36 | −0.40 | −0.06 | −0.07 | −0.19 | −0.11 |
F1_9 | −0.42 | −0.31 | −0.40 | −0.12 | −0.16 | −0.21 | −0.10 |
F1_10 | −0.51 | −0.45 | −0.51 | −0.06 | −0.12 | −0.02 | −0.09 |
F1_11 | −0.40 | −0.39 | −0.36 | −0.09 | −0.09 | −0.10 | −0.04 |
F1_12 | −0.25 | −0.24 | −0.38 | 0.08 | −0.01 | 0.00 | −0.02 |
F1_13 | −0.29 | −0.34 | −0.42 | 0.09 | −0.08 | −0.07 | −0.03 |
Variable 1 | Variable 2 | Pearson Value |
---|---|---|
B3 | F4 | −0.71 |
BP5 | BP4 | 0.74 |
F2 | F4 | 0.74 |
F3 | F4 | 0.73 |
A2_1 | A2_5 | 0.71 |
A2_4 | A2_5 | 0.71 |
A2_12 | A2_13 | 0.72 |
A2_2 | F1_2 | 0.75 |
A2_3 | F1_3 | 0.74 |
A2_6 | F1_6 | 0.70 |
A2_7 | F1_7 | 0.75 |
A2_11 | F1_11 | 0.71 |
A2_12 | F1_12 | 0.80 |
F1_2 | F1_12 | 0.70 |
F1_3 | F1_4 | 0.77 |
F1_8 | F1_13 | 0.70 |
F1_12 | F1_13 | 0.81 |
C1 | Count | % | C2 | Count | % | C3 | Count | % | C4 | Count | % |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1 | 7 | 6.60 | 1 | 4 | 7.14 | 1 | 3 | 5.45 | 1 | 2 | 2.74 |
2 | 25 | 23.58 | 2 | 3 | 5.36 | 2 | 2 | 3.64 | 2 | 5 | 6.85 |
3 | 49 | 46.23 | 3 | 15 | 26.79 | 3 | 17 | 30.91 | 3 | 9 | 12.33 |
4 | 18 | 16.98 | 4 | 13 | 23.21 | 4 | 11 | 20.00 | 4 | 36 | 49.32 |
5 | 7 | 6.60 | 5 | 21 | 37.50 | 5 | 22 | 40.00 | 5 | 21 | 28.77 |
N = 106 | N = 56 | N = 55 | N = 73 |
B1 | B2 | B3 | BP4 | BP5 | BP6 | BP7 | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
C1—We are looking for a partner who will help us implement I4.0 solutions | −0.28 | 0.09 | −0.17 | 0.12 | 0.22 | 0.23 | 0.02 |
C2—We need to find a partner who will help us implement I4.0 solutions | −0.34 | −0.23 | −0.38 | 0.14 | 0.10 | 0.13 | −0.04 |
C3—We plan to find a partner to help us implement I4.0 solutions | −0.53 | −0.41 | −0.57 | −0.07 | −0.11 | −0.14 | −0.30 |
C4—We plan to implement Industry 4.0 | −0.44 | −0.25 | −0.49 | 0.14 | 0.04 | −0.05 | −0.10 |
C1 | C2 | C3 | |
---|---|---|---|
C2 | 0.434 | ||
C3 | 0.284 | 0.731 | |
C4 | 0.471 | 0.534 | 0.18 |
C4 | C1 | C2 | C3 |
---|---|---|---|
1 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 3.0 |
2 | 1.80 | 3.50 | 3.50 |
3 | 2.85 | 3.33 | 3.50 |
4 | 3.16 | 4.25 | 3.91 |
5 | 3.31 | 3.14 | 4.3 |
F2_1 | F2_2 | F2_3 | F2_4 | F2_5 | F2_6 | F2_7 | F2_8 | F2_9 | F2_10 | F2_11 | F2_12 | F2_13 | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
C1 | 0.19 | 0.27 | 0.14 | 0.22 | 0.27 | 0.16 | 0.04 | 0.20 | 0.15 | 0.21 | 0.10 | 0.28 | 0.20 |
C2 | 0.08 | 0.10 | 0.22 | 0.14 | 0.26 | 0.19 | 0.19 | 0.18 | 0.00 | 0.26 | 0.11 | 0.20 | 0.21 |
C3 | 0.22 | 0.10 | 0.22 | 0.26 | 0.36 | 0.27 | 0.28 | 0.27 | 0.14 | 0.38 | 0.33 | 0.31 | 0.33 |
C4 | 0.29 | 0.29 | 0.08 | 0.18 | 0.18 | 0.33 | 0.22 | 0.23 | 0.11 | 0.24 | 0.20 | 0.18 | 0.17 |
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Michna, A.; Kruszewska, J. Determining the Level of Use of the Industry 4.0 Solutions in the COVID-19 Pandemic Era: Results of Empirical Research. Sustainability 2022, 14, 8844. https://doi.org/10.3390/su14148844
Michna A, Kruszewska J. Determining the Level of Use of the Industry 4.0 Solutions in the COVID-19 Pandemic Era: Results of Empirical Research. Sustainability. 2022; 14(14):8844. https://doi.org/10.3390/su14148844
Chicago/Turabian StyleMichna, Anna, and Joanna Kruszewska. 2022. "Determining the Level of Use of the Industry 4.0 Solutions in the COVID-19 Pandemic Era: Results of Empirical Research" Sustainability 14, no. 14: 8844. https://doi.org/10.3390/su14148844