Development of a Methodology for Assessing Workload within the Air Traffic Control Environment in the Czech Republic
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Simulation Testing
2.2. Questionnaire Survey
2.3. Analysis of Continuous Training
2.4. Data Set
- Ten exercises were performed as part of the simulation testing. A valid air traffic control qualification was a requirement for persons to perform this simulation testing. Simulation exercises for refresher training were used as they are considered the most comprehensive for dealing with situations in airspace. More simulation testing could not be carried out due to its cost and time requirements.
- Twenty military air traffic controllers participated in the questionnaire survey. This number of controllers may seem small; however, it is actually a completely representative sample, as it represents approximately 25% of all active military air traffic controllers in the Czech Republic. Due to the small size of the country, four military aerodrome units are sufficient to cover air traffic services. The 20 military air traffic controllers who were selected for the questionnaire survey are a representative sample of all airport air traffic control units in the Army of the Czech Republic. All of them are fully trained, i.e., they hold all air traffic control qualifications, and some of them are even On-the-Job Training Instructors or Assessors. Their level of training, as well as years of experience, proves a high competence to take part in this research.
- Fifteen people were included in the analysis of the continuous training, all of them from the 22nd Helicopter Air Force Base in Náměšť nad Oslavou, Czech Republic. The analyzed data were a training assessment from 2015 to 2020. The number of assessed persons varied from the questionnaire survey due to personnel turnover. In addition, a different number of assessments were analyzed for each monitored person as some people had fewer questionnaires available during those analyzed years due to fewer years served. A total of 158 assessments were analyzed. Fifteen air traffic controllers from the 22nd Helicopter Air Force Base at Náměšť nad Oslavou is a comprehensive sample of all persons from this unit who are involved in air traffic control. It is a cross-section of all persons holding any type of air traffic control qualification. It is a representative selection respecting the percentage of the most experienced air traffic controllers up to beginners in the field.
- All military air traffic controllers have the same certified training; in addition, all operational procedures in air traffic control are standardized. Given this fact and the above-mentioned requirements for research participants, we consider this number to be quite sufficient for the first round of the research. The number of 35 air traffic controllers is close to 50% of all military airport air traffic controllers. More people should be involved in next investigations.
3. Results
3.1. Simulation Testing
3.2. Formatting of Mathematical Components
3.3. Results from the Questionnaire Survey
3.3.1. Mathematical Data Processing
3.3.2. Verification of Results Objectivity for Individual Questionnaires
3.4. Results of Continuous Training
3.5. Comparison of the Selected Activities Based on Their Difficulty
4. Correlation and Suggested Methodological Procedure
4.1. Correlation of Individual Parts of Source Data
- 0.00–0.19 “very weak”;
- 0.20–0.39 “weak”;
- 0.40–0.59 “medium”;
- 0.60–0.79 “strong”;
- 0.80–1.00 “very strong”.
4.2. Methodological Procedure for Determining Weights
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
Appendix A
ATC Individual Activities | Points Allocated (100) | Order |
---|---|---|
Horizontal Separation | 12 | 5 |
Vertical Separation | 4 | 8 |
Radio Communication | 3 | 9 |
Landing Sequence/Wake Turbulence | 18 | 2 |
SSR Check/Radar Identification | 5 | 7 |
Handover/Takeover Procedure | 2 | 10 |
Unplanned Operation, Conflict Analysis | 14 | 3 |
Change in Meteorological Conditions | 6 | 6 |
Coordination | 13 | 4 |
Non-standard or Emergency Situation | 23 | 1 |
Horizontal Separation | Vertical Separation | Radio Communication | Landing Sequence/Wake Turbulence | SSR Check/Radar Identification | Handover/Takeover Procedure | Unplanned Operation, Conflict Analysis | Change in Meteorological Conditions | Coordination | Non-standard or Emergency Situation | Number of Preferences | Order | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Horizontal Separation | 1 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 5 | 5 | |
Vertical Separation | 0 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 4 | 6 | |
Radio Communication | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 2 | 8 | |
Landing Sequence/Wake Turbulence | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 7 | 3-4 | |
SSR Check/Radar Identification | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 10 | |
Handover/Takeover Procedure | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 9 | |
Unplanned Operation, Conflict Analysis | 1 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 7 | 3-4 | |
Change in Meteorological Conditions | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 8 | 2 | |
Coordination | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 3 | 7 | |
Non-standard or Emergency Situation | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 9 | 1 |
Range of preferences: 1—equivalence 3—weak preference 5—strong preference 7—very strong preference 9—absolute preferences | Horizontal Separation | Vertical Separation | Radio Communication | Landing Sequence/Wake Turbulence | SSR Check/Radar Identification | Handover/Takeover Procedure | Unplanned Operation, Conflict Analysis | Change in Meteorological Conditions | Coordination | Non-standard or Emergency Situation | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Horizontal Separation | 1 | 5 | 7 | 1/3 | 9 | 9 | 1/7 | 1/3 | 7 | 1/7 | 1.46 | 0.090 |
Vertical Separation | 1/5 | 1 | 5 | 1/5 | 7 | 9 | 1/7 | 1/3 | 7 | 1/7 | 0.95 | 0.058 |
Radio Communication | 1/7 | 1/5 | 1 | 1/7 | 5 | 3 | 1/7 | 1/7 | 1/3 | 1/9 | 0.37 | 0.023 |
Landing Sequence/Wake Turbulence | 3 | 5 | 7 | 1 | 7 | 9 | 3 | 3 | 7 | 1/3 | 3.27 | 0.200 |
SSR Check/Radar Identification | 1/9 | 1/7 | 1/5 | 1/7 | 1 | 3 | 1/7 | 1/5 | 1/3 | 1/9 | 0.26 | 0.016 |
Handover/Takeover Procedure | 1/9 | 1/9 | 1/3 | 1/9 | 1/3 | 1 | 1/5 | 1/5 | 1/3 | 1/9 | 0.22 | 0.013 |
Unplanned Operation, Conflict Analysis | 7 | 7 | 7 | 1/3 | 7 | 5 | 1 | 3 | 7 | 1/3 | 2.78 | 0.170 |
Change in Meteorological Conditions | 3 | 3 | 7 | 1/3 | 5 | 5 | 1/3 | 1 | 5 | 1/3 | 1.76 | 0.108 |
Coordination | 1/7 | 1/7 | 3 | 1/7 | 3 | 3 | 1/7 | 1/5 | 1 | 1/7 | 0.45 | 0.027 |
Non-standard or Emergency Situation | 7 | 7 | 9 | 3 | 9 | 9 | 3 | 3 | 7 | 1 | 4.82 | 0.295 |
16.34 | 1.000 |
Appendix B
ATC Individual Activities | B | C | D | Ʃ (xi) | Weight | Order |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Horizontal Separation | 0 | 0.000 | 10 | |||
Vertical Separation | 1 | 3 | 0.097 | 3-6 | ||
Radio Communication | 3 | 3 | 0.097 | 3-6 | ||
Landing Sequence/Wake Turbulence | 3 | 2 | 1 | 10 | 0.323 | 1 |
SSR Check/Radar Identification | 1 | 1 | 0.032 | 8-9 | ||
Handover/Takeover Procedure | 1 | 1 | 0.032 | 8-9 | ||
Unplanned Operation, Conflict Analysis | 1 | 1 | 3 | 0.097 | 3-6 | |
Change in Meteorological Conditions | 2 | 2 | 0.065 | 7 | ||
Coordination | 1 | 1 | 3 | 0.097 | 3-6 | |
Non-standard or Emergency Situation | 3 | 1 | 5 | 0.161 | 2 |
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Curve | Type of Local Extrema | Indication of Workload |
---|---|---|
Heart Rate | maximum | Increased heart rate is due to workload. |
Respiratory Rate | maximum, minimum | High respiratory frequencies, even low or intermittent respiratory rates, are one of the indicators of workload. |
Heart Rate Confidence | maximum, minimum | The unstable course of respiration frequency values is a source of workload at both lower and higher values than x ± s. |
Respiratory Rate Confidence | minimum | The workload is indicated only by the reduced level of RRC which is based on the standard state of 100% and the subject of the investigation is values lower than x − s. |
Electrocardiograph | minimum | The workload is indicated only by the reduced ECG level, the standard condition is 100% and the subject of the investigation is values lower than x − s. |
ATC Individual Activities | Number of Deviations | Unit Load | Weight |
---|---|---|---|
Horizontal Separation | 1 | 1.0250 | 0.1087 |
Vertical Separation | 1 | 1.0125 | 0.1073 |
Radio Communication | 1 | 1.0250 | 0.1087 |
Landing Sequence/Wake Turbulence | 4 | 1.0375 | 0.1100 |
SSR Check/Radar Identification | 1 | 1.0125 | 0.1073 |
Handover/Takeover Procedure | 1 | 1.025 | 0.1087 |
Unplanned Operation, Conflict Analysis | 2 | 1.5000 | 0.1590 |
Change in Meteorological Conditions | 0 | 0.0000 | 0.0000 |
Coordination | 3 | 0.6833 | 0.0724 |
Non-standard or Emergency Situation | 1 | 1.1125 | 0.1179 |
Sum | 15 | 9.4300 | 1.0000 |
Weight Ex. 1 | Weight Ex. 2 | Weight Ex. 3 | Weight Ex. 4 | Weight Ex. 5 | Weight Ex. 6 | |
Horizontal Separation | 0.0891 | 0.0590 | 0.0799 | 0.1043 | 0.0889 | 0.0993 |
Vertical Separation | 0.0924 | 0.1183 | 0.0781 | 0.1037 | 0.0889 | 0.0984 |
Radio Communication | 0.1082 | 0.1220 | 0.1119 | 0.1112 | 0.1135 | 0.1026 |
Landing Sequence/Wake Turbulence | 0.1327 | 0.1232 | 0.1125 | 0.1130 | 0.1260 | 0.0964 |
SSR Check/Radar Identification | 0.0569 | 0.0578 | 0.1099 | 0.1005 | 0.0946 | 0.0966 |
Handover/Takeover Procedure | 0.0593 | 0.0564 | 0.1092 | 0.0753 | 0.0605 | 0.0956 |
Unplanned Operation, Conflict Analysis | 0.1510 | 0.1220 | 0.1104 | 0.1109 | 0.1333 | 0.1039 |
Change in Meteorological Conditions | 0.0381 | 0.0874 | 0.0614 | 0.0568 | 0.0410 | 0.0987 |
Coordination | 0.1236 | 0.1217 | 0.1070 | 0.1067 | 0.1207 | 0.0989 |
Non-standard or Emergency Situation | 0.1486 | 0.1323 | 0.1196 | 0.1176 | 0.1326 | 0.1095 |
Weight Ex. 7 | Weight Ex. 8 | Weight Ex. 9 | Weight Ex. 10 | Final Weight | Order | |
Horizontal Separation | 0.1098 | 0.1033 | 0.1046 | 0.0957 | 0.09339 | 8 |
Vertical Separation | 0.1037 | 0.0958 | 0.1031 | 0.0945 | 0.09769 | 6 |
Radio Communication | 0.1046 | 0.1067 | 0.1029 | 0.1040 | 0.10876 | 4 |
Landing Sequence/Wake Turbulence | 0.1146 | 0.1078 | 0.1034 | 0.0975 | 0.11271 | 3 |
SSR Check/Radar Identification | 0.1106 | 0.1023 | 0.1011 | 0.1109 | 0.09412 | 7 |
Handover/Takeover Procedure | 0.0576 | 0.0778 | 0.0994 | 0.0934 | 0.07845 | 9 |
Unplanned Operation, Conflict Analysis | 0.1554 | 0.1007 | 0.1125 | 0.1028 | 0.12029 | 2 |
Change in Meteorological Conditions | 0.0000 | 0.0802 | 0.0568 | 0.0964 | 0.06168 | 10 |
Coordination | 0.0986 | 0.1024 | 0.1023 | 0.0949 | 0.10768 | 5 |
Non-standard or Emergency Situation | 0.1451 | 0.1229 | 0.1138 | 0.1099 | 0.12519 | 1 |
Questionnaire Processing Method | Allocation Method | Paired Rating Method | Saaty Method |
---|---|---|---|
Horizontal Separation | 4 | 4 | 4 |
Vertical Separation | 6 | 6 | 5 |
Radio Communication | 8 | 7 | 8 |
Landing Sequence/Wake Turbulence | 3 | 3 | 2 |
SSR Check/Radar Identification | 8 | 9 | 9 |
Handover/Takeover Procedure | 10 | 10 | 10 |
Unplanned Operation, Conflict Analysis | 3 | 2 | 3 |
Change in Meteorological Conditions | 6 | 5 | 6 |
Coordination | 5 | 6 | 7 |
Non-standard or Emergency Situation | 1 | 1 | 1 |
Range of preferences: 1—equivalent 3—weak preference 5—strong preference 7—very strong preference 9—absolute preferences | Horizontal Separation | Vertical Separation | Radio Communication | Landing Sequence/Wake Turbulence | SSR Check/Radar Identification | Handover/Takeover Procedure | Unplanned Operation, Conflict Analysis | Change in Meteorological Conditions | Coordination | Non-standard Situation | Gi—Geometric Mean | vi—individual activities weights |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Horizontal Separation | 1 | 5 | 7 | 1/3 | 9 | 9 | 1/7 | 1/3 | 7 | 1/7 | 1.46 | 0.090 |
Vertical Separation | 1/5 | 1 | 5 | 1/5 | 7 | 9 | 1/7 | 1/3 | 7 | 1/7 | 0.95 | 0.058 |
Radio Communication | 1/7 | 1/5 | 1 | 1/7 | 5 | 3 | 1/7 | 1/7 | 1/3 | 1/9 | 0.37 | 0.023 |
Landing Sequence/Wake Turbulence | 3 | 5 | 7 | 1 | 7 | 9 | 3 | 3 | 7 | 1/3 | 3.27 | 0.200 |
SSR Check/Radar Identification | 1/9 | 1/7 | 1/5 | 1/7 | 1 | 3 | 1/7 | 1/5 | 1/3 | 1/9 | 0.26 | 0.016 |
Handover/Takeover Procedure | 1/9 | 1/9 | 1/3 | 1/9 | 1/3 | 1 | 1/5 | 1/5 | 1/3 | 1/9 | 0.22 | 0.013 |
Unplanned Operation, Conflict Analysis | 7 | 7 | 7 | 1/3 | 7 | 5 | 1 | 3 | 7 | 1/3 | 2.78 | 0.170 |
Change in Meteorological Conditions | 3 | 3 | 7 | 1/3 | 5 | 5 | 1/3 | 1 | 5 | 1/3 | 1.76 | 0.108 |
Coordination | 1/7 | 1/7 | 3 | 1/7 | 3 | 3 | 1/7 | 1/5 | 1 | 1/7 | 0.45 | 0.027 |
Non-standard or Emergency Situation | 7 | 7 | 9 | 3 | 9 | 9 | 3 | 3 | 7 | 1 | 4.82 | 0.295 |
16.34 | 1.000 |
ATC Individual Activities | Weight | Order |
---|---|---|
Horizontal Separation | 0.120 | 4 |
Vertical Separation | 0.086 | 5 |
Radio Communication | 0.038 | 8 |
Landing Sequence/Wake Turbulence | 0.163 | 2 |
SSR Check/Radar Identification | 0.030 | 9 |
Handover/Takeover Procedure | 0.019 | 10 |
Unplanned Operation, Conflict Analysis | 0.159 | 3 |
Change in Meteorological Conditions | 0.060 | 6 |
Coordination | 0.042 | 7 |
Non-standard or Emergency Situation | 0.284 | 1 |
Correlation of the Order of Specific ATC Activities for Individual Questionnaires | ||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Questionnaire ID | Questionnaire ID | Questionnaire No. | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | |
I. | II. | Correlation Rate | 0.69 | 0.94 | 0.95 | 1 | 0.89 | 0.90 | 0.85 | 0.87 | 0.82 | |
I. | III. | 0.82 | 0.97 | 0.77 | 0.73 | 0.93 | 0.93 | 0.80 | 0.90 | 0.74 | ||
II. | III. | 0.62 | 0.99 | 0.69 | 0.73 | 0.93 | 0.96 | 0.99 | 0.83 | 0.87 | ||
10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 | 15 | 16 | 17 | 18 | 19 | 20 | ||
I. | II. | 0.92 | 1 | 0.75 | 0.97 | 0.92 | 1 | 1 | 0.97 | 0.97 | 0.77 | 0.97 |
I. | III. | 0.83 | 0.99 | 0.89 | 0.96 | 0.79 | 0.92 | 0.58 | 0.72 | 0.96 | 0.87 | 0.90 |
II. | III. | 0.92 | 0.99 | 0.71 | 0.98 | 0.80 | 0.92 | 0.58 | 0.76 | 0.97 | 0.97 | 0.95 |
ATC Individual Activities | Weight | Order |
---|---|---|
Horizontal Separation | 0.080 | 7 |
Vertical Separation | 0.082 | 6 |
Radio Communication | 0.089 | 5 |
Landing Sequence/Wake Turbulence | 0.190 | 2 |
SSR Check/Radar Identification | 0.043 | 9 |
Handover/Takeover Procedure | 0.034 | 10 |
Unplanned Operation, Conflict Analysis | 0.131 | 3 |
Change in Meteorological Conditions | 0.048 | 8 |
Coordination | 0.100 | 4 |
Non-standard or Emergency Situation | 0.202 | 1 |
ATC Individual Activities | Simulation Testing | Questionnaire Survey | Continuous Training |
---|---|---|---|
Horizontal Separation | 8 | 4 | 7 |
Vertical Separation | 6 | 5 | 6 |
Radio Communication | 4 | 8 | 5 |
Landing Sequence/Wake Turbulence | 3 | 2 | 2 |
SSR Check/Radar Identification | 7 | 9 | 9 |
Handover/Takeover Procedure | 9 | 10 | 10 |
Unplanned Operation, Conflict Analysis | 2 | 3 | 3 |
Change in Meteorological Conditions | 10 | 6 | 8 |
Coordination | 5 | 7 | 4 |
Non-standard or Emergency Situation | 1 | 1 | 1 |
1. Data Source | 2. Data Source | Correlation Level |
---|---|---|
Simulation Data | Questionnaire Data | 0.64 |
Simulation data | Continuous Training | 0.81 |
Questionnaire Data | Continuous Training | 0.88 |
ATC Individual Activities | Simulation Testing | Questionnaire Survey | Continuous Training | Final Weight |
---|---|---|---|---|
Horizontal Separation | 0.093 | 0.120 | 0.080 | 0.098 |
Vertical Separation | 0.098 | 0.086 | 0.082 | 0.089 |
Radio Communication | 0.109 | 0.038 | 0.089 | 0.079 |
Landing Sequence/Wake Turbulence | 0.113 | 0.163 | 0.190 | 0.155 |
SSR Check/Radar Identification | 0.094 | 0.030 | 0.043 | 0.056 |
Handover/Takeover Procedure | 0.078 | 0.019 | 0.034 | 0.044 |
Unplanned Operation, Conflict Analysis | 0.120 | 0.159 | 0.131 | 0.137 |
Change in Meteorological Conditions | 0.062 | 0.060 | 0.048 | 0.057 |
Coordination | 0.108 | 0.042 | 0.100 | 0.083 |
Non-standard or Emergency Situation | 0.125 | 0.284 | 0.202 | 0.204 |
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Hoskova-Mayerova, S.; Kalvoda, J.; Bauer, M.; Rackova, P. Development of a Methodology for Assessing Workload within the Air Traffic Control Environment in the Czech Republic. Sustainability 2022, 14, 7858. https://doi.org/10.3390/su14137858
Hoskova-Mayerova S, Kalvoda J, Bauer M, Rackova P. Development of a Methodology for Assessing Workload within the Air Traffic Control Environment in the Czech Republic. Sustainability. 2022; 14(13):7858. https://doi.org/10.3390/su14137858
Chicago/Turabian StyleHoskova-Mayerova, Sarka, Jan Kalvoda, Miloslav Bauer, and Pavlina Rackova. 2022. "Development of a Methodology for Assessing Workload within the Air Traffic Control Environment in the Czech Republic" Sustainability 14, no. 13: 7858. https://doi.org/10.3390/su14137858