Analysis of Land Use and Land Cover Changes through the Lens of SDGs in Semarang, Indonesia
Abstract
:1. Introduction
1.1. Sustainable Developement Goals
1.2. Study Area: Semarang City in Indonesia
1.3. Geospatial Data for Monitoring LULCC
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Classifying LULCC
2.2. Identifying Significant Change Classes Using Map Overlay
2.3. Filtering LULCC Classes Using Map Overlay
2.4. Optimized Hotspot Analysis
2.5. Continuous Change Detection and Classification (CCDC)
3. Results
4. Discussion
4.1. Implication of Increased Rubber Plantations
4.2. Spread of Urban Sprawl
4.3. Relevance of Processed LULC Dataset
4.4. UN SDG Policy Possibilites
4.5. Conflicting SDGs
4.6. Implications and Future Studies
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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2015 → 2006 ↓ | Agriculture | Airport | Cemetery | Construction | Continuous Urban | Discontinuous Urban | Forest | Green Urban Area | Industrial | Inland Water | Land without Use | Mining/ Dumping | Other | Port | Recreation | Roads/Trails | Wetlands |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
agriculture | null | 0.841 | 0.004 | 2.683 | 0.304 | 8.319 | 10.092 | 0.774 | 3.604 | 1.485 | 1.456 | 0.495 | 1.509 | 0.000 | 0.076 | 0.133 | 0.090 |
airport | 0.000 | null | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 |
cemetery | 0.000 | 0.000 | null | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.540 | 0.000 | 0.013 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.006 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.001 | 0.000 |
construction | 0.420 | 0.000 | 0.000 | null | 0.128 | 1.606 | 0.057 | 0.070 | 1.483 | 0.000 | 0.037 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.018 | 0.050 | 0.001 | 0.023 |
continuous urban | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 | null | 1.920 | 0.000 | 0.006 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.005 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.003 | 0.000 |
discontinuous urban | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.007 | 5.131 | null | 0.041 | 0.000 | 0.090 | 0.000 | 0.010 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.054 | 0.000 |
forest | 2.298 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 1.108 | 0.028 | 7.809 | null | 0.370 | 1.150 | 0.142 | 0.475 | 0.075 | 0.427 | 0.000 | 0.008 | 0.205 | 0.003 |
green urban area | 0.018 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.108 | 0.049 | 0.739 | 0.000 | null | 0.294 | 0.101 | 0.014 | 0.004 | 0.093 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.025 | 0.000 |
industrial | 0.052 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.126 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.019 | 0.049 | null | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.010 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.011 | 0.000 |
inland water | 0.151 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.021 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.036 | 0.006 | 0.041 | null | 0.003 | 0.000 | 0.004 | 0.006 | 0.000 | 0.003 | 0.024 |
land without use | 0.006 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.128 | 0.007 | 0.100 | 0.114 | 0.148 | 0.453 | 0.000 | null | 0.000 | 0.269 | 0.023 | 0.007 | 0.000 | 0.000 |
mining/ dumping | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.036 | 0.000 | 0.046 | 0.004 | 0.007 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.055 | null | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 |
other | 0.083 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.259 | 0.018 | 0.758 | 0.503 | 0.013 | 1.631 | 0.012 | 0.305 | 0.128 | null | 0.000 | 0.019 | 0.036 | 0.000 |
port | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.022 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 | null | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 |
recreation | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.057 | 0.033 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.005 | 0.000 | null | 0.000 | 0.000 |
roads/trails | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.012 | 0.000 | 0.005 | 0.002 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.004 | 0.000 | 0.000 | null | 0.000 |
wetlands | 0.174 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.026 | 0.000 | 0.055 | 0.000 | 0.004 | 0.676 | 0.148 | 0.061 | 0.000 | 0.043 | 0.014 | 0.000 | 0.008 | null |
Original Class | Reclassification |
---|---|
agriculture | agriculture |
forest | forest |
cemetery | other(natural/semi-natural) |
green urban area | |
other | |
recreation | |
inland water | wetland |
wetland | |
continuous urban | urban |
discontinuous urban | |
construction | industrial/commercial |
airport | |
industrial | |
land without use | |
mining/dumping | |
port | |
roads/rails |
2015 → 2006 ↓ | Agriculture | Forest | Commercial/Industrial | Other | Urban | Wetland |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
agriculture | 73.04 | 10.10 | 9.22 | 2.36 | 8.63 | 1.55 |
18.99% | 2.63% | 2.40% | 0.61% | 2.24% | 0.40% | |
forest | 2.22 | 80.32 | 2.97 | 0.80 | 7.84 | 0.15 |
0.58% | 20.88% | 0.77% | 0.21% | 2.04% | 0.04% | |
commercial/industrial | 0.15 | 0.19 | 44.08 | 0.68 | 1.89 | 0.04 |
0.04% | 0.05% | 11.46% | 0.18% | 0.49% | 0.01% | |
other | 0.10 | 0.50 | 2.85 | 10.96 | 1.71 | 0.11 |
0.03% | 0.13% | 0.74% | 2.85% | 0.44% | 0.03% | |
urban | 0.00 | 0.04 | 0.17 | 0.01 | 117.24 | 0.00 |
0.00% | 0.01% | 0.04% | 0.00% | 30.47% | 0.00% | |
wetland | 0.22 | 0.04 | 0.89 | 0.06 | 0.06 | 3.52 |
0.06% | 0.01% | 0.23% | 0.02% | 0.02% | 0.91% |
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Kelly-Fair, M.; Gopal, S.; Koch, M.; Pancasakti Kusumaningrum, H.; Helmi, M.; Khairunnisa, D.; Kaufman, L. Analysis of Land Use and Land Cover Changes through the Lens of SDGs in Semarang, Indonesia. Sustainability 2022, 14, 7592. https://doi.org/10.3390/su14137592
Kelly-Fair M, Gopal S, Koch M, Pancasakti Kusumaningrum H, Helmi M, Khairunnisa D, Kaufman L. Analysis of Land Use and Land Cover Changes through the Lens of SDGs in Semarang, Indonesia. Sustainability. 2022; 14(13):7592. https://doi.org/10.3390/su14137592
Chicago/Turabian StyleKelly-Fair, Mira, Sucharita Gopal, Magaly Koch, Hermin Pancasakti Kusumaningrum, Muhammad Helmi, Dinda Khairunnisa, and Les Kaufman. 2022. "Analysis of Land Use and Land Cover Changes through the Lens of SDGs in Semarang, Indonesia" Sustainability 14, no. 13: 7592. https://doi.org/10.3390/su14137592