Measuring Urban Sustainability over Time at National and Regional Scale for Addressing United Nations Sustainable Development Goal (SDG) 11: Iran and Tehran as Case Studies
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
3. Results
4. Discussion and Conclusions
Guidelines and Policies to Promote Sustainability in Tehran Province
- Regional observatory;
- Planning for new counties such as Qarchak, Ghods, and Baharestan counties as potential growth locations;
- Reducing environmental pollution and reinforcing national resource conservation in Shahriar, Baharestan, and Ghods counties;
- Economic decentralization from Tehran County and focus on Pishva, Shemiranat, and Ghods counties;
- Decentralization from Tehran County and moving new facilities to underdeveloped areas (Qarchak, Malard, and Baharestan counties);
- Strengthening the protection of sensitive habitats of Tehran Province;
- Using cultural capacities to increase public participation and economic development;
- Education equality—equitable distribution of educational centers, particularly in Ghods, Eslamshahr, and Pardis counties.
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Authors | Location | Indicators | Method |
---|---|---|---|
Soares et al. (2001) [23] | 4 subnational regions in Portugal | 33 indicators in various dimensions | Cluster Analysis |
Theodoropoulou et al. (2009) [24] | Methoni, Koroni, Pilos in Greece | Employment and literature rate, and different infrastructure indicators | Using questionnaire and Regression Method |
Abdollahzadeh & Sharifzadeh (2012) [21] | Iran’s provinces | 14 social, 13 economic, and 14 infrastructure indicators | Comparative technique based on AHP |
Dehcheshmeh & Alizadeh (2014) [25] | West Azarbaijan counties | 40 indicators in economic, social, health, transportation, and infrastructure sections | FTOPSIS |
Zebardast & Haghroosta (2014) [8] | Hamedan and Arak provinces (Iran) | Regional uneven development, 50 indicators | Factor and Cluster Analysis |
Mabudi & Hakimi (2015) [26] | Sistan and Baloochestan counties | 29 indicators in education, social, health, and infrastructure dimensions | VIKOR method |
Hudrlikova et al. (2013) [11] | LAU region Prague (Czech Republic) | 13 economic, 17 social, and 13 environmental | Cluster Analysis |
Firoozi et al. (2017) [1] | Khoozestan province (Iran) | 104 indicators | Vicor and Topsis models |
Tret’yakova & Osipva (2018) [27] | Perm krai, Bashkortostan, Nizhny Novgorod oblast, Samara, Sverdlovsk, Tatarstan, Chelyabinsk | 11 economic, 12 social, and 8 environmental indicators | Dynamic Standards |
Mali et al. (2018) [28] | 12 regions of Slovenia | 32 economic, social, and environmental indicators | Thematic Model |
Farinha et al. (2019) [29] | Algarve region in Portugal | Assessing different social, cultural, and environmental indicators | Surveys and Regression Methods |
Shi et al. (2019) [14] | 17 regions of Shandong province (China) | 13 economic, 26 social, and 20 environmental | AHP and ANP |
Garoui, Ezzeddin (2020) [30] | 13 regions in Saudi Arabia | Green economic indicators | MICMAC analysis |
Sueyoshi et al. (2020) [31] | China regions | National and human resources | DEA |
Xu et al. (2020) [32] | China regions | 17 United Nations Sustainable Development Goals include 119 indicators | Arithmetic means |
Method | Author(s) | Year | Indicators | Limitation |
---|---|---|---|---|
HDI [33] | UNDP | 1990 | Life expectancy, Literature rate, GDP | Cover limited aspects of sustainability |
Environmental Sustainable Index [34] | Columbia and Yale university | 2006 | 16 indicators in 6 dimensions such as health, environment, biodiversity, energy, water resources, quality of air, and resource management | Overconcentration on environmental indicators |
Commitment to Development Index [35] | Center for Global Development | 2006 | Financial aids, transactions rate, investment, immigration, environment, and security | Cover limited aspects of sustainability |
Index of Sustainable Economic Welfare [36] | Daly and Cobb | 1989 | Countries expenditures on different sections such as environmental pollution, national resources, and transportation accidents | No comprehensive assessment framework |
Ecological footprints [37] | Wackernagel and Rees | 1996 | Energy consumption per capita, housing, transportation, and leisure expenses | Cover limited aspects of sustainability |
Millennium Development Indicators [38] | United Nations | 2005 | Millennium targets | Cover limited aspects of sustainability |
CSD indicators [39] | United Nations | 2007 | 50 indicators in 14 different socioeconomic aspects | Does not focus on gender equity and accessibility to food |
Sustainable Development Goals and Policy of the Agenda 2030 [40] | United Nations | 2015 | 17 targets in environmental, social, and economic dimensions. It has 231 unique indicators. |
Dimension | SSI Indicators | Project Indicators |
---|---|---|
Basic needs |
|
|
Health |
|
|
Social development |
|
|
Natural resources |
|
|
Energy consumption and climate |
|
|
Agriculture |
|
|
Economic |
|
|
Economic | |
---|---|
Indicators | Reference |
Employed to active population ratio | [1,12,26,27,45] |
The county’s share of industrial workshops | [3,9,13,46] |
The share of the county’s transport companies to the province | [47] |
The portion of roads in regions | [48] |
Number of highways | [48] |
Number of passengers | [1,23] |
The flow of load displacement in and out of the county | [1,23] |
Number of post administration in the county | [21,26,28,46,49,50] |
Number of buildings with concrete and metal skeletons | |
Number of job opportunities | [8,29,51,52] |
Health | |
Number of hospitals | [3,23] |
Number of hospitals beds | [1,8,23,26,28,29,46,51,52] |
Number of health centers per capita | [1,23] |
Number of rural health centers per capita | [1,53] |
Number of pharmacies per capita | [1,3] |
Number of laboratories per capita | [1,3] |
Number of rehabilitation centers per capita | [1,54] |
Number of doctors per 1000 people | [1,3,13,14,26,28,46,50,52] |
Number of nurses per 1000 people | [1,26] |
Social Services | |
Number of centers to serve the disabled | [21,51] |
The ratio of the marriage loan to its number | [1] |
The ratio of the number of nursing centers to the number of elderly | [55] |
The proportion of the insured to the county population | [21,56] |
Court per capita | [13,27,29,51,52] |
The number of orphan care centers | [57] |
The number of homeless household support centers | [57] |
Number of centers to serve the disabled who need help | [21,51] |
Number of Imam Khomeini centers to serve people | |
Number of kindergartens | [1,58] |
The ratio of the number of classes to the number of exceptional students | [1,58] |
Education | |
Number of public libraries | [1,23,26,28,50] |
The number of the members of the library to the population of the county | [1,28] |
The ratio of the number of education staff to the number of students | [58] |
The ratio of the number of trainers to the trainees | [1,58] |
The ratio of books to public libraries | [1,3,14,28] |
The ratio of the number of classes to the number of students | [1,36] |
The ratio of the number of elementary classes to the number of students | [1,15,59] |
The ratio of the number of secondary classes to the number of students | [1,23] |
The ratio of the number of high school classes to the number of students | [1,23] |
The ratio of the theaters to the number of theater programs | [60] |
Infrastructure | |
Coverage of sewage networks | [1,14] |
The ratio of sewage bifurcation in the county | [1,14] |
The number of phones per capita | [18,21,28,49] |
Number of fuel stations | [61] |
Number of electricity customers | [18,21,28,49] |
County’s share of water network | [8,26,49,62] |
The number of slaughterhouses in the county | [1] |
The number of fire stations per 1000 people | [1,63] |
The number of cities with gas facilities to all the cities of province | [14,21,28,50] |
The number of rural areas with gas facilities to all the rural areas of province | [14,21,28,50] |
County’s share of sports facilities | [64] |
The county’s share of the number of workshops covered by social security insurance | [21,56] |
The proportion of cinemas to the number of spectators | [3,65] |
The proportion of forest areas to county area | [13,15,49,56,64,66] |
The ratio of transportation waste to population of county | [12,15,26,27,52,62,67] |
The ratio of CNG consumption to population of county | [68] |
Gas consumption per capita | [12,14,18,61,63] |
Water consumption per capita | [15,23,30,59,62,66] |
Electricity consumption per capita | [18,21,28,49] |
Number of greenhouses | [69] |
Environment | |
The proportion of forest lands to the area of the province | [13,15,49,56,62,66] |
Range of land area to county area | [14,49] |
County’s share of the number of frosty days | [29,51] |
County’s share of sunny hours | [29,62] |
County’s share of public parks | [1,3,29] |
Green space per capita | [1,3,15,28,29,46,59,62] |
The proportion of agricultural lands to the area of the province | [70] |
The proportion of farmlands to the area of the province | [13,15,28,29,49] |
The proportion of garden lands to the area of the province | [13,15,28,29,49] |
County’s share of greenhouse area | [14,49] |
2006 | 2011 | 2016 |
---|---|---|
Eslamshahr | Eslamshahr | Eslamshahr |
Pakdasht | Baharestan | Baharestan |
Tehran | Pakdasht | Pakdasht |
Damavand | Pishva | Pardis |
Robat Karim | Tehran | Pishva |
Rey | Damavand | Tehran |
Savojbolagh | Robat Karim | Damavand |
Shemiranat | Rey | Robat Karim |
Shahriar | Shemiranat | Rey |
Firuzkuh | Shahriar | Shemiranat |
Karaj | Firuzkuh | Shahriar |
Nazar abad | Ghods | Firuzkuh |
Varamin | Malard | Ghods |
Varamin | Qarchak | |
Malard | ||
Varamin |
Counties |
---|
Eslamshahr |
Pakdasht |
Tehran |
Damavand |
Robat Karim |
Rey |
Shemiranat |
Shahriar |
Firuzkuh |
Varamin |
Kaiser–Meyer–Olkin Measure of Sampling Adequacy | 0.790 | |
Bartlett’s Test of Sphericity | Approx. Chi-Square | 262.596 |
df | 45 | |
Sig. | 0.000 |
Goal | F1 | F2 | F3 | Haml | Barbu | Sanat | Jabja | Post | Azadbzr | Kolrah | Flz | Shagh | Work | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Goal | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
F1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
F2 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
F3 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
Haml | 0.1228 | 0.2039 | 0 | 0 | 0.2039 | 0.2039 | 0.2039 | 0.2039 | 0.2039 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
Barbu | 0.1215 | 0.2017 | 0 | 0 | 0.2017 | 0.2017 | 0.2017 | 0.2017 | 0.2017 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
Sanat | 0.1212 | 0.2012 | 0 | 0 | 0.2012 | 0.2012 | 0.2012 | 0.2012 | 0.2012 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
Jabja | 0.1197 | 0.1988 | 0 | 0 | 0.1988 | 0.1988 | 0.1988 | 0.1988 | 0.1988 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
Post | 0.117 | 0.1943 | 0 | 0 | 0.1943 | 0.1943 | 0.1943 | 0.1943 | 0.1943 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
Azadbzr | 0.1142 | 0 | 0.5 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0.5 | 0.5 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
Kolrah | 0.1142 | 0 | 0.5 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0.5 | 0.5 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
Flz | 0.0552 | 0 | 0 | 0.3261 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0.3261 | 0.3261 | 0.3261 |
Shagh | 0.605 | 0 | 0 | 0.3569 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0.3569 | 0.3569 | 0.3569 |
Work | 0.0537 | 0 | 0 | 0.317 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0.317 | 0.317 | 0.317 |
Environment | Fanp Results | Economic | Fanp Results | Social | Fanp Results |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Gilan | 0.615 | Tehran | 0.896 | Yazd | 2.006 |
Kordestan | 0.539 | Alborz | 0.863 | Tehran | 1.984 |
Kermanshah | 0.539 | Qom | 0.777 | Semnan | 1.800 |
East Azarbaijan | 0.524 | Yazd | 0.713 | Isfahan | 1.795 |
West Azarbaijan | 0.498 | Markazi | 0.637 | Mazandaran | 1.753 |
Isfahan | 0.473 | Isfahan | 0.618 | Fars | 1.747 |
Khorasan Razavi | 0.444 | Qazvin | 0.600 | Alborz | 1.729 |
Hamedan | 0.423 | West Azarbaijan | 0.592 | Qazvin | 1.687 |
Lorestan | 0.408 | Khorasan Razavi | 0.569 | Markazi | 1.659 |
Khoozestan | 0.405 | Golestan | 0.563 | Qom | 1.658 |
Chaharmahal and Bakhtiari | 0.392 | Semnan | 0.552 | Hamedan | 1.643 |
Mazandaran | 0.384 | Hormozgan | 0.547 | Golestan | 1.640 |
Qazvin | 0.374 | Khoozestan | 0.546 | Zanjan | 1.633 |
Ardabil | 0.353 | Booshehr | 0.530 | Booshehr | 1.616 |
Markazi | 0.337 | Fars | 0.518 | Hormozgan | 1.608 |
Ilam | 0.305 | Sistan and Baluchestan | 0.496 | Khorasan Razavi | 1.596 |
Fars | 0.299 | Mazandaran | 0.460 | East Azarbaijan | 1.560 |
Tehran | 0.294 | Zanjan | 0.457 | Khoozestan | 1.551 |
Kohgiluyeh and Boyer-Ahmad | 0.255 | Hamedan | 0.427 | West Azarbaijan | 1.550 |
Kerman | 0.253 | Kermanshah | 0.419 | Kerman | 1.527 |
Alborz | 0.229 | Gilan | 0.409 | Chaharmahal and Bakhtiari | 1.526 |
Zanjan | 0.228 | East Azarbaijan | 0.407 | Gilan | 1.486 |
North Khorasan | 0.212 | Kerman | 0.389 | Sistan and Baluchestan | 1.473 |
Sistan and Baluchestan | 0.207 | South Khorasan | 0.365 | South Khorasan | 1.438 |
Hormozgan | 0.202 | Kordestan | 0.335 | Kermanshah | 1.397 |
Golestan | 0.195 | Chaharmahal and Bakhtiari | 0.320 | Kordestan | 1.331 |
Semnan | 0.189 | Ardabil | 0.312 | Ardabil | 1.314 |
South Khorasan | 0.183 | North Khorasan | 0.296 | North Khorasan | 1.264 |
Qom | 0.162 | Lorestan | 0.287 | Ilam | 1.227 |
Yazd | 0.160 | Ilam | 0.175 | Lorestan | 1.101 |
Booshehr | 0.124 | Kohgiluyeh and Boyer-Ahmad | 0.154 | Kohgiluyeh and Boyer-Ahmad | 0.899 |
Sustainability | Results |
---|---|
Tehran | 2.006 |
Isfahan | 1.984 |
Khorasan Razavi | 1.800 |
Mazandaran | 1.795 |
East Azarbaijan | 1.753 |
Yazd | 1.747 |
Fars | 1.729 |
Gilan | 1.687 |
West Azarbaijan | 1.659 |
Qazvin | 1.658 |
Hamedan | 1.643 |
Markazi | 1.640 |
Khoozestan | 1.633 |
Alborz | 1.616 |
Semnan | 1.608 |
Kermanshah | 1.596 |
Chaharmahal and Bakhtiari | 1.560 |
Kordestan | 1.551 |
Zanjan | 1.550 |
Kerman | 1.527 |
Golestan | 1.526 |
Qom | 1.486 |
Ardabil | 1.473 |
Booshehr | 1.438 |
Hormozgan | 1.397 |
Sistan and Baluchestan | 1.331 |
South Khorasan | 1.314 |
Lorestan | 1.264 |
North Khorasan | 1.227 |
Ilam | 1.101 |
Kohgiluyeh and Boyer-Ahmad | 0.899 |
Indicators | Importance of Indicators |
---|---|
The share of the county’s transport companies to the province | 0.1228 |
The flow of load displacement in and out of the county | 0.1215 |
The county’s share of industrial workshops | 0.1212 |
Number of passengers and holiday-makers | 0.1197 |
Number of post administration in the county | 0.1170 |
Number of highways | 0.1142 |
The portion of roads in regions | 0.1142 |
Number of building with concrete and metal skeleton | 0.0552 |
Employed to active population ratio | 0.0605 |
Number of job opportunities | 0.0537 |
Legend | 2006 | 2011 | 2016 | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
County | FANP Result | County | FANP Result | County | FANP Result | |
Tehran | 0.724 | Tehran | 0.811 | Tehran | 0.886 | |
Karaj | 0.353 | Rey | 0.401 | Rey | 0.386 | |
Rey | 0.347 | Damavand | 0.305 | Firuzkuh | 0.359 | |
Damavand | 0.293 | Pakdasht | 0.215 | Damavand | 0.308 | |
Pakdasht | 0.208 | Shahriar | 0.209 | Varamin | 0.254 | |
Shahriar | 0.206 | Robat Karim | 0.188 | Eslamshahr | 0.227 | |
Robat Karim | 0.183 | Firuzkuh | 0.184 | Pakdasht | 0.224 | |
Savojbolagh | 0.18 | Shemiranat | 0.176 | Shahriar | 0.216 | |
Varamin | 0.176 | Varamin | 0.175 | Malard | 0.208 | |
Shemiranat | 0.148 | Baharestan | 0.114 | Pardis | 0.197 | |
Firuzkuh | 0.147 | Eslamshahr | 0.113 | Baharestan | 0.196 | |
Eslamshahr | 0.141 | Pishva | 0.092 | Robat Karim | 0.189 | |
Nazar Abad | 0.036 | Malard | 0.091 | Pishva | 0.151 | |
Ghods | 0.058 | Qarchak | 0.138 | |||
Shemiranat | 0.137 | |||||
Ghods | 0.087 |
Education | Health | Infrastructure | Social Service |
---|---|---|---|
F1—Accessibility to education infrastructure F2—Accessibility to education services F3—Accessibility to basic education centers F4—Cultural features F5—Educational capacities | F1—Health infrastructure F2—Accessibility of health care centers F3—Access to medical experts | F1—Social service properties F2—Access to electric and gas infrastructures F3—Energy consumption and waste production F4—Access to environmental infrastructure F5—Infrastructure properties | F1—Support services F2—The properties of the welfare organization F3—Access to social services F4—The infrastructure of support agencies |
Legend | 2006 | 2011 | 2016 | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
County | FANP Result | County | FANP Result | County | FANP Result | |
Shemiranat | 0.448 | Tehran | 0.48 | Tehran | 0.499 | |
Tehran | 0.396 | Shemiranat | 0.377 | Shemiranat | 0.384 | |
Damavand | 0.31 | Damavand | 0.375 | Rey | 0.358 | |
Damavand | 0.227 | Firuzkuh | 0.335 | Firuzkuh | 0.325 | |
Karaj | 0.188 | Rey | 0.273 | Damavand | 0.31 | |
Shahriar | 0.187 | Pishva | 0.234 | Pishva | 0.265 | |
Savojbolagh | 0.183 | Pakdasht | 0.229 | Pardis | 0.249 | |
Varamin | 0.178 | Varamin | 0.209 | Ghods | 0.241 | |
Rey | 0.173 | Robat Karim | 0.204 | Varamin | 0.212 | |
Firuzkuh | 0.165 | Eslamshahr | 0.176 | Pakdasht | 0.211 | |
Pakdasht | 0.147 | Shahriar | 0.173 | Shahriar | 0.191 | |
Nazar Abad | 0.14 | Malard | 0.135 | Robat Karim | 0.178 | |
Robat Karim | 0.136 | Ghods | 0.093 | Eslamshahr | 0.175 | |
Baharestan | 0.085 | Qarchak | 0.161 | |||
Malard | 0.158 | |||||
Baharestan | 0.104 |
Environment | |
---|---|
The proportion of forest lands to the area of the province | 0.0509 |
Range of land area to county area | 0.1738 |
County’s share of the number of frosty days | 0.1550 |
County’s share of sunny hours | 0.1171 |
County’s share of public parks | 0.0481 |
Green space per capita | 0.0462 |
The proportion of agricultural lands to the area of the province | 0.1593 |
The proportion of farmlands to the area of the province | 0.0662 |
The proportion of garden lands to the area of the province | 0.1171 |
County’s share of greenhouse area | 0.0662 |
Legend | 2006 | 2011 | 2016 | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
County | FANP Result | County | FANP Result | County | FANP Result | |
Shahriar | 0.583 | Firuzkuh | 0.495 | Firuzkuh | 0.483 | |
Eslamshahr | 0.329 | Damavand | 0.463 | Damavand | 0.475 | |
Rey | 0.394 | Varamin | 0.437 | Robat Karim | 0.405 | |
Varamin | 0.385 | Pishva | 0.43 | Shemiranat | 0.368 | |
Damavand | 0.377 | Malard | 0.403 | Tehran | 0.357 | |
Pakdasht | 0.338 | Shahriar | 0.393 | Malard | 0.345 | |
Tehran | 0.326 | Pakdasht | 0.335 | Varamin | 0.345 | |
Firuzkuh | 0.316 | Tehran | 0.312 | Pishva | 0.34 | |
Robat Karim | 0.291 | Rey Karim | 0.297 | Rey | 0.335 | |
Nazar Abad | 0.283 | Shemiranat | 0.276 | Qarchak | 0.281 | |
Shemiranat | 0.2 | Ghods | 0.271 | Pardis | 0.279 | |
Savojbolagh | 0.189 | Eslamshahr | 0.271 | Pakdasht | 0.261 | |
Karaj | 0.102 | Robat Karim | 0.269 | Eslamshahr | 0.221 | |
Baharestan | 0.234 | Shahriar | 0.208 | |||
Baharestan | 0.204 | |||||
Ghods | 0.2 |
Legend | 2006 | 2011 | 2016 | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
County | FANP Result | County | FANP Result | County | FANP Result | |
Tehran | 0.482 | Tehran | 0.534 | Tehran | 0.58 | |
Shahriar | 0.339 | Firuzkuh | 0.381 | Firuzkuh | 0.389 | |
Damavand | 0.327 | Damavand | 0.338 | Damavand | 0.364 | |
Rey | 0.305 | Rey | 0.324 | Rey | 0.36 | |
Shemiranat | 0.265 | Shemiranat | 0.276 | Shemiranat | 0.297 | |
Varamin | 0.246 | Varamin | 0.274 | Varamin | 0.27 | |
Pakdasht | 0.231 | Robat Karim | 0.26 | Robat Karim | 0.257 | |
Eslamshahr | 0.219 | Pishva | 0.258 | Pishva | 0.252 | |
Karaj | 0.214 | Pardis | 0.252 | Pardis | 0.242 | |
Firuzkuh | 0.209 | Malard | 0.22 | Malard | 0.237 | |
Robat Karim | 0.203 | Pakdasht | 0.21 | Pakdasht | 0.232 | |
Savojbolagh | 0.184 | Eslamshahr | 0.186 | Eslamshahr | 0.207 | |
Nazar Abad | 0.153 | Shahriar | 0.144 | Shahriar | 0.205 | |
Ghods | 0.141 | Qarchak | 0.193 | |||
Ghods | 0.176 | |||||
Baharestan | 0.168 |
Sustainability Transition | |
---|---|
County | Trend |
Tehran | |
Firuzkuh | |
Damavand | |
Rey | |
Shemiranat | |
Varamin | |
Robat Karim | |
Pishva | |
Pardis | |
Malard | |
Pakdasht | |
Eslamshahr | |
Shahriar | |
Qarchak | |
Ghods | |
Baharestan | |
Legend | |
Progression in sustainability | |
Stay untouched | |
Regression in sustainability |
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Hassanzadehkermanshahi, K.; Shirowzhan, S. Measuring Urban Sustainability over Time at National and Regional Scale for Addressing United Nations Sustainable Development Goal (SDG) 11: Iran and Tehran as Case Studies. Sustainability 2022, 14, 7402. https://doi.org/10.3390/su14127402
Hassanzadehkermanshahi K, Shirowzhan S. Measuring Urban Sustainability over Time at National and Regional Scale for Addressing United Nations Sustainable Development Goal (SDG) 11: Iran and Tehran as Case Studies. Sustainability. 2022; 14(12):7402. https://doi.org/10.3390/su14127402
Chicago/Turabian StyleHassanzadehkermanshahi, Keihan, and Sara Shirowzhan. 2022. "Measuring Urban Sustainability over Time at National and Regional Scale for Addressing United Nations Sustainable Development Goal (SDG) 11: Iran and Tehran as Case Studies" Sustainability 14, no. 12: 7402. https://doi.org/10.3390/su14127402
APA StyleHassanzadehkermanshahi, K., & Shirowzhan, S. (2022). Measuring Urban Sustainability over Time at National and Regional Scale for Addressing United Nations Sustainable Development Goal (SDG) 11: Iran and Tehran as Case Studies. Sustainability, 14(12), 7402. https://doi.org/10.3390/su14127402