Plant-Origin Feedstock Applications in Fully Green Food Packaging: The Potential for Tree-Free Paper and Plant-Origin Bio-Plastics in the Baltic Sea Region
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Research Method
3. Results and Discussion
3.1. Alternative Bio-Origin Feedstock
3.1.1. Tree-Free Paper
3.1.2. Plant-Origin Plastics
- Sugarcane *. PLA, PHAs, bio-PBS(A), bio-PET, bio-PE, PEF, bio-PP, bio-PAs, PTT;
- Sugar beet. PLA, PHAs, bio-PBS(A), bio-PET, bio-PE, PEF, bio-PP, bio-PAs, PTT;
- Corn. PLA, PHAs, starch blends, bio-PBS(A), bio-PE, PEF, bio-PP, bio-PAs, PTT;
- Potato. PLA, PHAs, starch blends, bio-PBS(A), bio-PE, PEF, bio-PP, bio-PAs, PTT;
- Wheat. PLA, PHAs starch blends, bio-PBS(A), bio-PE, PEF, bio-PP, bio-PAs, PTT.
3.1.3. Natural-Fibre-Reinforced Bio-Composites
3.2. Fully Green Food Packaging
3.2.1. Paper Applications in the Food Sector
- ·
- Graphical paper, which is mainly used for newsprint and also covers a variety of writing, copy, printing, map, envelope, etc., papers;
- ·
- Specialty paper made for special purposes, such as filter paper, spinning paper, and condenser paper, and papers with tailored characteristics such as anti-rust, anti-tarnish, etc.;
- ·
- Tissue paper or hygienic paper used for bathroom and facial tissue, kitchen towels, serviettes, diaper production;
- ·
- Packaging paper and board, which covers a wide range of paper sorts, such as craft liner and folding boxboard, which are used for secondary and tertiary packaging, and a variety of papers that are used for direct food contact, such as greaseproof (meat and butter packaging), vegetable parchment, which is waterproof and, if covered with silicon, can be used as backing paper, and grease-resistant but not waterproof glassine, which is used as wrapping paper.
3.2.2. Bio-Plastic Applications in the Food Sector
3.2.3. Natural-Fibre-Reinforced Bio-Composite Applications in Food Packaging
3.3. The Potential for Tree-Free Paper and Plant-Origin Bio-Plastics in the Baltic Sea Region
- Hemp tow waste, item code (FAO)—777. Cannabis sativa. This plant is cultivated for seed, as well as for fibre. The fibre is obtained from the stem of the plant. Trade data include raw, retted, scutched, combed fibre, tow, and waste [66].
- Maize, item code (FAO)—56. Zea mays corn, Indian corn, mealies. A grain with a high germ content. At the national level, hybrid and ordinary maize should be reported separately, owing to widely different yields and uses. Used largely for animal feed and commercial starch production [66].
- Potatoes, item code (FAO)—116. Solanum tuberosum Irish potato. A seasonal crop grown in temperate zones all over the world, but primarily in the northern hemisphere [66].
- Sugar beet, item code (FAO)—157. Beta vulgaris var. altissima. In some producing countries, marginal quantities are consumed, either directly as food or in the preparation of jams [66].
- Wheat, item code (FAO)—15. Triticum spp.: common (T. aestivum), durum (T. durum), spelt (T. spelta). Common and durum wheat are the main types. Among common wheat, the main varieties are spring and winter, hard and soft, and red and white. At the national level, different varieties should be reported separately, reflecting their different uses. Used mainly for human food [66].
- Wheat straw—a by-product obtained after harvesting of wheat grains (Kapoor et al., 2016) [73].
4. Conclusions
4.1. Environmental Footprint and Circular Bio-Economy
4.2. Natural Fibre and Plant-Origin Feedstock Potential
4.3. Tree-Free Paper Applications in Fully Green Food Packaging
4.4. Plant-Origin Bio-Plastics Applications in Fully Green Food Packaging
4.5. Natural-Fibre-Reinforced Bio-Composite Applications in Fully Green Food Packaging
4.6. The Potential of Tree-Free Paper and Plant-Origin Bio-Plastics in the Baltic Sea Region
5. Future Research
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
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Material | Cellulose | Hemicellulose | Lignin | Reference |
---|---|---|---|---|
Wood | 50 | 20–25 | 30–35 | [31] |
Hard wood | 40–44 | 15–35 | 18–25 | [32] |
Soft wood | 40–44 | 20–32 | 25–35 | [32] |
Willow | 50 | 19 | 25 | [32] |
Thermo-mechanical pulp (TMP) | 56 | 22.15 | 25.6 | [25] |
Chemical thermo-mechanical pulp (CTMP) | 52 | 24.51 | 16.33 | [25] |
Bleached softwood kraft pulp (BSKP) | 87 | 16.07 | 1 | [25] |
Unbleached softwood kraft pulp (UBSKP) | 87 | 16.94 | 2.6 | [25] |
Hemp fibre (USO 31) | 78.4–81.7 | 5.7–6.4 | 10–13 | [33] |
Hemp fibre (Fedora 17) | 65.6–84.9 | 6–8.1 | 2.7–4.5 | [33] |
Hemp fibre (Felina 34) | 64–83 | 11–15 | 1–4 | [33] |
Hemp fibre (Fibrimon 56) | 53.2 | 6.9 | 5 | [33] |
Hemp hurds (untreated) | 44.5 | 32.78 | 21.03 | [30] |
Hemp hurds (treated NaOH) | 53.87 | 12.06 | 27.27 | [30] |
Hemp hurds (treated EDTA) | 45.7 | 31.05 | 24.22 | [30] |
Hemp hurds (treated Ca(OH)2) | 45.75 | 28.88 | 23.98 | [30] |
Flax | 62.21–74.01 | 13.91–22.30 | 2.56–7.96 | [34] |
Wheat straw | 28–39 | 23–24 | 16–25 | [35] |
Wheat bran (untreated) | 8.56–11.1 | 27.3–33 | 3–4.1 | [29] |
Wheat bran (treated NaOH) | 29.6 | 24.9 | - | [29] |
Wheat bran (treated H2SO₄) | 35 | 6.83 | - | [29] |
Rice straw * | 30–45 | 20–25 | 15–20 | [36] |
Bamboo * | 73.8 | 12.5 | 10.1 | [37] |
Sugarcane bagasse * | 32–34 | 19–24 | 25–32 | [38] |
Baltic Sea Region Country | Wood Fibre Alternative Feedstock | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Flax Fibre and Tow | Hemp Tow Waste | Wheat Straw * | ||||
Yield (ha) | Production (t) | Yield (ha) | Production (t) | Yield (ha) | Production (t) | |
Denmark | - | - | - | - | 80,987 | 5,495,054 |
Estonia | - | - | - | - | 50,019 | 1,134,702 |
Finland | - | - | - | - | 34,538 | 926,937 |
Germany | - | - | - | - | 78,195 | 29,932,335 |
Latvia | 20,000 | 200 | - | - | 53,384 | 3,590,460 |
Lithuania | - | - | 10,756 | 2420 | 53,931 | 6,505,313 |
Poland | 30,385 | 790 | 60,295 | 14,290 | 52,388 | 16,784,834 |
Sweden | - | - | - | - | 71,561 | 4,339,305 |
TOTAL: | 50,385 | 990 | 71,051 | 16,710 | 475,003 | 68,708,939 |
Baltic Sea Region Country | Plant-Origin Plastic Feedstock | |||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Maize/Corn | Potato | Sugar Beet | Wheat | |||||
Yield (ha) | Production (t) | Yield (ha) | Production (t) | Yield (ha) | Production (t) | Yield (ha) | Production (t) | |
Denmark | 62,484 | 38,740 | 439,952 | 2,762,900 | 770,663 | 2,558,600 | 80,987 | 4,070,410 |
Estonia | - | - | 261,509 | 88,390 | - | - | 50,019 | 840,520 |
Finland | - | - | 301,643 | 624,400 | 383,182 | 421,500 | 34,538 | 686,620 |
Germany | 95,874 | 4,020,000 | 428,340 | 11,715,100 | 741,402 | 28,618,100 | 78,195 | 22,172,100 |
Latvia | - | - | 213,059 | 181,100 | - | - | 53,384 | 2,659,600 |
Lithuania | 70,144 | 141,690 | 157,255 | 296,740 | 677,970 | 948,480 | 53,931 | 4,818,750 |
Poland | 70,763 | 6,694,650 | 347,683 | 7,848,600 | 576,266 | 14,171,540 | 52,388 | 12,433,210 |
Sweden | 67,568 | 12,500 | 364,437 | 877,200 | 681,378 | 2,027,100 | 71,561 | 3214,300 |
TOTAL: | 366,833 | 10,907,580 | 2,513,878 | 24,394,430 | 3,830,861 | 48,745,320 | 475,003 | 50,895,510 |
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Markevičiūtė, Z.; Varžinskas, V. Plant-Origin Feedstock Applications in Fully Green Food Packaging: The Potential for Tree-Free Paper and Plant-Origin Bio-Plastics in the Baltic Sea Region. Sustainability 2022, 14, 7393. https://doi.org/10.3390/su14127393
Markevičiūtė Z, Varžinskas V. Plant-Origin Feedstock Applications in Fully Green Food Packaging: The Potential for Tree-Free Paper and Plant-Origin Bio-Plastics in the Baltic Sea Region. Sustainability. 2022; 14(12):7393. https://doi.org/10.3390/su14127393
Chicago/Turabian StyleMarkevičiūtė, Zita, and Visvaldas Varžinskas. 2022. "Plant-Origin Feedstock Applications in Fully Green Food Packaging: The Potential for Tree-Free Paper and Plant-Origin Bio-Plastics in the Baltic Sea Region" Sustainability 14, no. 12: 7393. https://doi.org/10.3390/su14127393