Modification of Nutrient Requirements for a Four Crop-Based Cropping System to Increase System Productivity, Maintain Soil Fertility, and Achieve Sustainable Intensification
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Description of the Site and Climatic Conditions
2.2. Land Preparation, Experimental Design, Treatment and Layout
2.3. Fertilizer Application
2.4. Seed Sowing/Seedling Transplanting and Harvesting
2.5. Crop Protection and Management
2.6. Data Collection
2.7. Soil and Plant Analysis
2.8. Determination of Nutrient Uptake
2.9. Cost and Return Analysis
2.10. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Aus Rice
3.1.1. Yield and Yield Components of Aus Rice
3.1.2. Nutrient Content in Aus Rice
3.1.3. Nutrient Uptake by Aus Rice (Grain + Straw)
3.1.4. Agronomic Efficiency (AE) of Nutrients in Aus Rice
3.2. Aman Rice
3.2.1. Yield and Yield Components of Aman Rice
3.2.2. Nutrient Content in Aman Rice
3.2.3. Nutrient Uptake by Aman Rice (Grain + Straw)
3.2.4. Agronomic Efficiency (AE) of Nutrients in Aman Rice
3.3. Lentil
3.3.1. Yield and Yield Components of Lentil
3.3.2. Nutrient Content in Lentil
3.3.3. Nutrient Uptake by Lentil (Seed + Stover)
3.3.4. Agronomic Efficiency (AE) of Nutrients in Lentil
3.4. Mungbean
3.4.1. Yield and Yield Components of Mungbean
3.4.2. Nutrient Content in Mungbean
3.4.3. Nutrient Uptake by Mungbean (Seed + Stover)
3.4.4. Agronomic Efficiency (AE) of Nutrients in Mungbean
3.5. Rice Equivalent Yield and Production Efficiency
3.6. Total Nutrient Uptake and Apparent Nutrient Recovery Efficiency
3.7. Effect of Fertilizer Management Practices on Postharvest Soil Properties
3.8. Cost and Return Analysis
4. Discussion
4.1. Yields and Yield Attributes
4.2. Nutrient Uptake, Productivity Efficiency, and Soil Properties in the System
4.3. Sustainable Soil Fertility Management for Intensive Cropping
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Parameters and Unit | pH | CEC Cmol Kg−1 | Total N (G Kg−1) | OC (G Kg−1) | Ca | K | P | S | Zn | B |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Meq. 100 G−1 | Mg Kg−1 | |||||||||
Results | 8.2 | 6.9 | 0.78 | 8.58 | 18.0 | 0.13 | 14 | 15.2 | 0.83 | 0.15 |
Critical level | 1.2 | 2.0 | 0.12 | 10 | 10 | 0.60 | 0.20 | |||
Interpretation | slightly alkaline | very low | low | high | low | medium | medium | medium | low |
Months | Average Temperature (°C) | Average Humidity (%) | Precipitation (Mm) | |||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
2016 | 2017 | 2018 | 2016 | 2017 | 2018 | 2016 | 2017 | 2018 | ||||
Min T | Max T | Min T | Max T | Min T | Max T | |||||||
January | 10.4 | 23.9 | 11.2 | 26.6 | 8.93 | 24.3 | 78.4 | 75.7 | 69.4 | 1.7 | 0.0 | 0.0 |
February | 15.7 | 27.1 | 13.7 | 30.1 | 15.4 | 30.3 | 80.5 | 76.8 | 66.3 | 15 | 0.0 | 3.0 |
March | 18.6 | 30.4 | 19.3 | 32.5 | 20.5 | 34.6 | 84.4 | 76.9 | 65.3 | 20 | 7.9 | 12 |
April | 24.6 | 37.9 | 23.5 | 35.7 | 22.7 | 34.9 | 79.8 | 78.4 | 70.7 | 45 | 107 | 207 |
May | 23.5 | 36.6 | 24.9 | 36.2 | 24.3 | 34.2 | 82.2 | 81.4 | 75.9 | 165 | 148 | 167 |
June | 25.9 | 31.4 | 25.3 | 34.5 | 26.4 | 35.1 | 84.6 | 82.6 | 76.5 | 149 | 156 | 101 |
July | 26.5 | 30.4 | 26.3 | 32.4 | 26.6 | 33.5 | 87.1 | 82.5 | 80.4 | 285 | 664 | 430 |
August | 25.6 | 31.6 | 26.9 | 33.5 | 26.7 | 33.9 | 84.4 | 79.4 | 79.8 | 229 | 311 | 113 |
September | 22.8 | 31.0 | 26.5 | 34.6 | 26.0 | 34.6 | 81.5 | 78.3 | 78.2 | 65 | 196 | 75 |
October | 20.2 | 28.0 | 24.6 | 32.2 | 21.8 | 32.9 | 79.0 | 80.1 | 74.8 | 18.5 | 359 | 74 |
November | 15.6 | 25.7 | 17.6 | 30.4 | 16.8 | 31.0 | 77.9 | 71.6 | 70.3 | 0.0 | 28 | 1.0 |
December | 13.0 | 22.6 | 13.5 | 27.1 | 11.8 | 25.8 | 76.2 | 71.5 | 68.6 | 0.0 | 30 | 11 |
Aus | Aman | Lentil | Mungbean |
---|---|---|---|
T1 = Control (native nutrient) | T1 = Control (native nutrient) | T1 = Control (native nutrient) | T1 = Control (native nutrient) |
T2 = * N45P7.5K20S5Zn0.75 B0.25 | T2 = N45P7.5K25S5Zn0.75 B0.25 | T2 = N10P10.5K12.5S5Zn1B0.75 | T2 = N10P10.5K15S6Zn1.5B0.75 |
T3 = N67.5P11.25K30S7.5Zn1.125B0.375 | T3 = N67.5P11.25K37.5S7.5Zn1.125B0.375 | T3 = N15P15.75K18.75S7.5Zn1.5B1.125 | T3 = N15P15.75K22.5S9Zn2.25B1.125 |
T4 = N90P15K40S10Zn1.5B0.5 | T4 = N90P15K50S10Zn1.5B0.5 | T4 = N20P 21K25S10Zn2B1.5 | T4 = N20P 21K30S12Zn3B1.5 |
T5 = N112.5P18.75K50S12.5Zn1.875B0.625 | T5 = N112.5P18.75K62.5S12.5Zn1.875B0.625 | T5 = N25P26.25K31.25S12.5Zn2.5B1.875 | T5 = N25P26.25K37.5S12.5Zn3.75B1.875 |
T6 = N90P15K30S5Zn1.5 | T6 = N100P15K30S5Zn1.5 | T6 = N20P15K20S8Zn2B1.5 | T6 = N20P15K20S8 Zn2B1.5 |
Treatment | Plant Height (Cm) | Florets Panicle−1 | 1000-Grain Weight (G) | Rice Grain Yield (Kg Ha−1) | Rice Straw Yield (Kg Ha−1) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
T1 = Control | 87.5 d | 70.0 c | 23.6 c | 3326 c | 3713 c |
T2 = 50% RDF | 93.8 cd | 82.2 b | 25.9 b | 3950 b | 4184 b |
T3 = 75% RDF | 96.4 bc | 83.3 b | 26.7 b | 4040 b | 4359 b |
T4 = 100% RDF | 103 ab | 89.0 a | 27.2 ab | 4156 ab | 4522 ab |
T5 = 125% RDF | 107 a | 92.8 a | 28.9 a | 4399 a | 4658 a |
T6 = FP | 99.2 bc | 88.1 b | 25.9 b | 4087 b | 4384 b |
Treatments | N | P | K | S | Zn | B |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
G Kg−1 | ||||||
Grain | ||||||
T1 = Control | 8.99 c | 1.68 | 2.64 c | 0.81 d | 0.0263 d | 0.0105 e |
T2 = 50% RDF | 9.24 bc | 1.77 | 2.77 bc | 0.86 c | 0.0271 cd | 0.0130 d |
T3 = 75% RDF | 9.54 a–c | 1.81 | 2.81 bc | 0.89 b | 0.0276 bc | 0.0144 c |
T4 = 100% RDF | 9.77 ab | 1.82 | 2.95 ab | 0.92 b | 0.0282 ab | 0.0152 b |
T5 = 125% RDF | 10.0 a | 1.88 | 3.17 a | 0.94 a | 0.0289 a | 0.0162 a |
T6 = FP | 9.56 a–c | 1.79 | 2.92 b | 0.86 a | 0.0270 cd | 0.0151 bc |
Straw | ||||||
T1 = Control | 5.76 b | 0.69 e | 16.4 c | 1.12 b | 0.0452 d | 0.0112 e |
T2 = 50% RDF | 5.87 ab | 0.72 d | 17.5 b | 1.16 ab | 0.0482 c | 0.0119 cd |
T3 = 75% RDF | 5.91 ab | 0.76 c | 17.6 b | 1.18 ab | 0.0485 c | 0.0123 c |
T4 = 100% RDF | 5.99 a | 0.79 b | 17.9 ab | 1.20 ab | 0.0497 ab | 0.0130 b |
T5 = 125% RDF | 6.03 a | 0.85 a | 18.2 a | 1.23 a | 0.0503 a | 0.0143 a |
T6 = FP | 5.88 ab | 0.77 c | 17.5 b | 1.21 ab | 0.0489 ac | 0.0115 de |
Treatment | N | P | K | S | Zn | B |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Kg Ha−1 | ||||||
T1 = Control | 51.3 c | 8.14 c | 69.6 c | 6.85 c | 0.254 c | 0.077 d |
T2 = 50% RDF | 61.2 b | 10.0 b | 84.1 b | 8.22 b | 0.309 b | 0.101 c |
T3 = 75% RDF | 64.8 ab | 10.7 ab | 88.2 b | 8.78 ab | 0.324 b | 0.113 b |
T4 = 100% RDF | 67.7 ab | 11.1ab | 93.2 ab | 9.21 ab | 0.342 ab | 0.122 b |
T5 = 125% RDF | 72.2 a | 12.2 a | 98.7 a | 9.88 a | 0.361 a | 0.138 a |
T6 = FP | 65.8 ab | 10.8 ab | 89.0 b | 8.90 ab | 0.327 ab | 0.114 b |
Treatment | Plant Height (Cm) | Florets Panicle−1 | 1000-Grain Weight (G) | Rice Grain Yield (Kg Ha−1) | Rice Straw Yield (Kg Ha−1) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
T1 = Control | 88.6 c | 72.8 c | 17.4 b | 2092 d | 2200 e |
T2 = 50% RDF | 97.5 b | 86.9 b | 18.3 a | 2388 c | 2459 d |
T3 = 75% RDF | 100 b | 98.7 b | 18.7 a | 2584 bc | 2693 c |
T4 = 100% RDF | 104 a | 107 a | 18.8 a | 2765 ab | 2940 ab |
T5 = 125% RDF | 106 a | 116 a | 19.0 a | 2897 a | 3088 a |
T6 = FP | 98.9 b | 92.3 b | 18.7 a | 2700 b | 2851 b |
Treatments | N | P | K | S | Zn | B |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
G Kg−1 | ||||||
Grain | ||||||
T1 = Control | 11.2 c | 2.21 b | 2.43 | 0.95 | 0.0245 b | 0.0105 b |
T2 = 50% RDF | 11.7 bc | 2.41 ab | 2.56 | 0.97 | 0.0253 ab | 0.0112 b |
T3 = 75% RDF | 11.9 ab | 2.63 ab | 2.62 | 0.97 | 0.0258 ab | 0.0121 ab |
T4 = 100% RDF | 12.1 ab | 2.67 ab | 2.68 | 0.98 | 0.0265 a | 0.0137 ab |
T5 = 125% RDF | 12.3 a | 2.80 a | 2.74 | 0.99 | 0.0269 a | 0.0149 a |
T6 = FP | 11.8 ab | 2.67 ab | 2.61 | 0.96 | 0.0256 ab | 0.0138 ab |
Straw | ||||||
T1 = Control | 6.71 b | 0.674 | 21.2 d | 1.10 b | 0.0495 d | 0.0092 e |
T2 = 50% RDF | 6.79 b | 0.679 | 22.7 c | 1.15 ab | 0.0503 d | 0.0101 d |
T3 = 75% RDF | 6.85 ab | 0.681 | 23.4 bc | 1.17 ab | 0.0514 c | 0.0115 ab |
T4 = 100% RDF | 6.93 ab | 0.689 | 23.9 ab | 1.19 a | 0.0529 ab | 0.0110 bc |
T5 = 125% RDF | 7.11 a | 0.693 | 24.5 a | 1.21 a | 0.0531 a | 0.0121 a |
T6 = FP | 6.82 ab | 0.684 | 23.3 bc | 1.19 a | 0.0520 bc | 0.0103 cd |
Treatments | N | P | K | S | Zn | B |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Kg ha−1 | ||||||
T1 = Control | 38.1 d | 6.09 c | 51.7 e | 4.41 d | 0.159 d | 0.031 d |
T2 = 50% RDF | 44.6 c | 7.44bc | 61.9 d | 5.14 cd | 0.183 cd | 0.036 cd |
T3 = 75% RDF | 49.2 bc | 8.07 b | 69.8 c | 5.65 bc | 0.205 bc | 0.042 bc |
T4 = 100% RDF | 54.0 ab | 9.03 ab | 77.7 ab | 6.21 ab | 0.228 ab | 0.046 ab |
T5 = 125% RDF | 57.6 a | 10.2 a | 83.6 a | 6.68 a | 0.242 a | 0.052 a |
T6 = FP | 51.3 b | 9.42 a | 73.5 bc | 5.98 ab | 0.217 ab | 0.043 b |
Treatments | Plant Height (Cm) | Pods Plant−1 | 1000-Seed Weight (G) | Seed Yield (Kg Ha−1) | Stover Yield (Kg Ha−1) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
T1 = Control | 33.3 b | 45.5 d | 21.1 b | 1000 d | 1626 d |
T2 = 50% RDF | 34.3 b | 54.2 c | 21.5 ab | 1347 c | 1963 c |
T3 = 75% RDF | 35.7 b | 63.8 b | 22.0 a | 1467 bc | 2252 b |
T4 = 100% RDF | 37.5 ab | 64.6 b | 22.0 a | 1543 b | 2405 b |
T5 = 125% RDF | 40.6 a | 73.7 a | 22.1 a | 1716 a | 2600 a |
T6 = FP | 36.6 ab | 63.4 b | 21.6 ab | 1503 b | 2442 b |
Treatments | N | P | K | S | Zn | B |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
G Kg−1 | ||||||
Seed | ||||||
T1 = Control | 37.8 c | 4.30 d | 5.60 e | 1.40 d | 0.0663 e | 0.0331 f |
T2 = 50% RDF | 41.2 b | 4.80 c | 5.90 d | 1.60 cd | 0.0687 d | 0.0349 d |
T3 = 75% RDF | 41.8 ab | 5.00 c | 6.30 c | 1.70 bc | 0.0705 c | 0.0358 c |
T4 = 100% RDF | 42.4 ab | 5.40 b | 6.80 b | 1.90 ab | 0.0723 b | 0.0380 b |
T5 = 125% RDF | 43.1 a | 5.90 a | 7.30 a | 2.10 a | 0.0731 a | 0.0392 a |
T6 = FP | 40.9 b | 4.90 c | 6.50 c | 1.60 cd | 0.0659 e | 0.0335 e |
Stover | ||||||
T1 = Control | 11.4 c | 5.60 d | 4.80 d | 2.70 d | 0.0428 c | 0.0302 d |
T2 = 50% RDF | 12.0 bc | 6.10 c | 5.30 c | 3.10 c | 0.0431 c | 0.0316 c |
T3 = 75% RDF | 12.5 bc | 6.70 b | 5.70 bc | 3.20 bc | 0.0452 b | 0.0322 c |
T4 = 100% RDF | 13.2 ab | 7.10 ab | 6.00 ab | 3.50 ab | 0.0464 a | 0.0334 b |
T5 = 125% RDF | 13.8 a | 7.50 a | 6.40 a | 3.60 a | 0.0470 a | 0.0347 a |
T6 = FP | 12.1 bc | 6.20 c | 5.60 bc | 3.30 a–c | 0.0431 c | 0.0308 d |
Treatment | N | P | K | S | Zn | B |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Kg Ha−1 | ||||||
T1 = Control | 56.3 d | 13.4 e | 13.3 d | 5.77 e | 0.136 d | 0.074 d |
T2 = 50% RDF | 79.2 c | 18.5 d | 18.3 c | 8.27 d | 0.177 c | 0.109 c |
T3 = 75% RDF | 90.8 bc | 22.5 c | 22.2 bc | 9.80 cd | 0.207 b | 0.126 bc |
T4 = 100% RDF | 101 ab | 26.4 ab | 25.7 ab | 11.8 ab | 0.231 ab | 0.144 ab |
T5 = 125% RDF | 110 a | 29.4 a | 29.2 a | 13.0 a | 0.248 a | 0.158 a |
T6 = FP | 92.9 b | 23.2 bc | 24.1 b | 10.8 bc | 0.210 b | 0.129 bc |
Treatments | Plant Height (Cm) | Pods Plant−1 | 1000-Seed Weight (G) | Seed Yield (Kg Ha−1) | Stover Yield (Kg Ha−1) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
T1 = Control | 42.5 c | 17.8 c | 43.2 c | 1203 c | 1607 c |
T2 = 50% RDF | 50.8 b | 26.6 b | 45.2 bc | 1367 bc | 1850 b |
T3 = 75% RDF | 53.6 b | 25.9 b | 46.3 ab | 1501 b | 2006 b |
T4 = 100% RDF | 56.9 a | 29.0 ab | 46.9 ab | 1548 ab | 2156 a |
T5 = 125% RDF | 58.8 a | 31.0 a | 48.7 a | 1650 a | 2253 a |
T6 = FP | 53.9 b | 26.9 b | 46.4 ab | 1499 b | 2081 b |
Treatments | N | P | K | S | Zn | B |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
G Kg−1 | ||||||
Seed | ||||||
T1 = Control | 32.3 c | 3.40 d | 12.3 c | 1.90 d | 0.023 e | 0.0266 f |
T2 = 50% RDF | 34.6 b | 3.70 bc | 12.7 b | 2.10 cd | 0.0242 d | 0.0287 d |
T3 = 75% RDF | 35.1 ab | 3.60 cd | 12.8 ab | 2.20 bc | 0.0254 c | 0.0291 c |
T4 = 100% RDF | 35.5 ab | 3.90 ab | 12.9 ab | 2.40 ab | 0.0261 b | 0.0308 b |
T5 = 125% RDF | 35.9 a | 4.10 a | 13.0 a | 2.60 a | 0.0275 a | 0.0313 a |
T6 = FP | 32.5 c | 3.70 bc | 12.7 b | 2.20 bc | 0.0238 d | 0.0269 e |
Stover | ||||||
T1 = Control | 13.5 d | 2.10 c | 13.4 b | 1.50 c | 0.0224 d | 0.0272 c |
T2 = 50% RDF | 14.5 cd | 2.20 c | 13.8 ab | 1.70 bc | 0.0236 c | 0.0289 bc |
T3 = 75% RDF | 15.1 bc | 2.30 bc | 13.9 ab | 1.80 ab | 0.0245 b | 0.0275 c |
T4 = 100% RDF | 15.7 ab | 2.50 ab | 14.1 a | 1.90 ab | 0.0249 ab | 0.0310 ab |
T5 = 125% RDF | 16.2 a | 2.60 a | 14.3 a | 2.00 a | 0.0253 a | 0.0328 a |
T6 = FP | 14.2 cd | 2.30 bc | 13.8 ab | 1.90 ab | 0.0227 d | 0.0280 bc |
Treatments | N | P | K | S | Zn | B |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Kg Ha−1 | ||||||
T1 = Control | 60.7 b | 7.46 c | 36.2 b | 4.71 c | 0.0637 c | 0.0753 c |
T2 = 50% RDF | 74.3 ab | 9.15 bc | 42.9 ab | 6.05 bc | 0.0767 bc | 0.0930 bc |
T3 = 75% RDF | 82.9 a | 10.0 a–c | 47.1 ab | 6.92 a–c | 0.0870 ab | 0.0990 bc |
T4 = 100% RDF | 88.8 a | 11.4 ab | 50.3 a | 7.81 ab | 0.0940 ab | 0.1147 ab |
T5 = 125% RDF | 95.7 a | 12.6 a | 53.7 a | 8.87 a | 0.1027 a | 0.1260 a |
T6 = FP | 78.4 ab | 10.3 ab | 47.8 ab | 7.29 ab | 0.0833 a–c | 0.0990 bc |
Treatments | N | P | K | S | Zn | B |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Kg Ha−1 | ||||||
T1 = Control | 206 d | 35.1 d | 171 d | 21.7 d | 0.614 d | 0.256 d |
T2 = 50% RDF | 259 c | 45.1 c | 207 c | 27.6 c | 0.747 c | 0.339 c |
T3 = 75% RDF | 288 bc | 51.8 bc | 227 bc | 31.1 bc | 0.824 bc | 0.380 bc |
T4 = 100% RDF | 311 ab | 58.0 ab | 247 ab | 35.0 ab | 0.896 ab | 0.427 ab |
T5 = 125% RDF | 335 a | 64.6 a | 265 a | 38.4 a | 0.955 a | 0.473 a |
T6 = FP | 288 bc | 53.8 b | 234 bc | 33.0 bc | 0.838 bc | 0.385 bc |
Treatments | Ph | OC (G Kg−1) | Total N (G Kg−1) | Ca | K | P | S | Zn | B |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Meq. 100 G−1 | Mg Kg−1 | ||||||||
Opening | 8.2 | 8.58 | 0.78 | 18.0 | 0.13 | 14.0 | 14.7 | 0.81 | 0.15 |
T1 = Control | 8.03 a | 9.53 d | 0.84 c | 17.5 a | 0.12 ab | 14.1 b | 14.3 b | 0.80 d | 0.13 c |
T2 = 50% RDF | 7.93 ab | 9.67 bc | 0.87 b | 17.2 bc | 0.11 b | 14.0 b | 14.9 a | 0.83 bc | 0.14 bc |
T3 = 75% RDF | 7.80 b | 9.78 c | 0.87 b | 17.3 b | 0.11 b | 15.0 a | 15.0 a | 0.83 bc | 0.16 ab |
T4 = 100% RDF | 7.90 ab | 10.0 a | 0.88 b | 17.2 bc | 0.14 b | 15.0 a | 14.9 a | 0.82 c | 0.15 a–c |
T5 = 125% RDF | 7.76 b | 10.2 a | 0.90 a | 17.1 c | 0.15 a | 15.2 a | 15.0 a | 0.84 a | 0.17 a |
T6 = FP | 7.76 b | 9.9 bc | 0.89 ab | 17.2 bc | 0.12 ab | 15.0 a | 14.9 a | 0.83 bc | 0.14 bc |
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Quddus, M.A.; Anwar, M.B.; Alam, M.K.; Ahmed, R.; Sarker, K.K.; Islam, M.A.; Islam, M.T.; Kobeasy, M.I.; Gaber, A.; Ahmed, S. Modification of Nutrient Requirements for a Four Crop-Based Cropping System to Increase System Productivity, Maintain Soil Fertility, and Achieve Sustainable Intensification. Sustainability 2022, 14, 7194. https://doi.org/10.3390/su14127194
Quddus MA, Anwar MB, Alam MK, Ahmed R, Sarker KK, Islam MA, Islam MT, Kobeasy MI, Gaber A, Ahmed S. Modification of Nutrient Requirements for a Four Crop-Based Cropping System to Increase System Productivity, Maintain Soil Fertility, and Achieve Sustainable Intensification. Sustainability. 2022; 14(12):7194. https://doi.org/10.3390/su14127194
Chicago/Turabian StyleQuddus, Md. Abdul, Md. Babul Anwar, Md. Khairul Alam, Razu Ahmed, Khokan Kumer Sarker, Md. Anarul Islam, Md. Torikul Islam, Mohamed I. Kobeasy, Ahmed Gaber, and Sharif Ahmed. 2022. "Modification of Nutrient Requirements for a Four Crop-Based Cropping System to Increase System Productivity, Maintain Soil Fertility, and Achieve Sustainable Intensification" Sustainability 14, no. 12: 7194. https://doi.org/10.3390/su14127194