Multilevel Assessment of Seismic Damage and Vulnerability of Masonry Buildings (MUSE-DV) in Historical Centers: Development of a Mobile Android Application
Abstract
:1. Introduction
1.1. Survey Forms for the Assessment of Damage and Vulnerability of Masonry Buildings
1.2. Information Technologies for Earthquake-Related Data Collection
1.3. Digitalization
- The accumulation of physical material and data, which must then be reported manually within a digital database; this operation is time consuming and can lead to archiving errors or losses and the consequent slowdown of the following actions;
- Misinterpretations of either the questions (uncertainty in what a field means when the user manual is not available) or the usage of the schedule (e.g., multiple checks when just one is required, see below);
- The need, to complete the survey, of pictures taken onsite which are not directly connected either to the building to which they refer or to a specific component. The reassociation of the pictures to the pertinent elements increases the time needed for the archiving and is similarly affected by possible mistakes;
- Lack of precise geographical positioning.
- Facilitate the surveys through hints and feedbacks;
- Can use portable devices with already mounted acquisition tools (camera, recorder, sketchpad);
- Can store data directly on a centralized database and allow data to be shared;
- Can manage different types of data (e.g., videos, pictures, text notes) and associate them to the correct or building element;
- Simplify the post processing, as the data collected are homogeneous.
2. The MUSE-DV Mobile Application
2.1. Analogical Procedure
2.2. Digital Procedure
3. App Architecture
- On the server side: (i) the data storage, i.e., a relational database; (ii) the application that queries data and provides the communication between the client and the server (API-REST, i.e., Application Programming Interface-Representational State transfer);
- On the client side: (iii) a sequence of modules framed in graphic interface, i.e., the app that replaces the physical form for data collection; (iv) an application that processes data, i.e., the services.
3.1. Database
3.2. Data Exchange
- Write data in the database in real time;
- Write data in the database with delay;
- Read data from the database;
- Export data from the database to a file.
3.3. Graphic Interface
- Create the survey of a new building;
- Retrieve and display the data of a building already archived in the database;
- Synchronize to the database those compiled while offline;
- Export data to a text file.
- Event triggering: buttons;
- Selection: radio buttons, checkboxes, spinners;
- Value input: text boxes, sketchpad;
- Output: labels and progress bar.
3.4. Damage and Vulnerability Indexes
3.5. Data Export and Interoperability
4. Trial Application
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
Abbreviations
EMS-98 | European Macroseismic Scale (1998) |
RVS | Rapid Visual Screening |
AeDES | Post earthquake damage and usability assessment and emergency countermeasures in ordinary buildings (in Italian Agibilità e Danno nell’Emergenza Sismica) |
GNDT | National group for the protection against earthquakes (in Italian Gruppo Nazionale per la Difesa dai Terremoti) |
CLE | Limit condition for the emergency (in Italian Condizione Limite per l’Emergenza) |
FEMA | Federal Emergency Management Agency |
CARTIS | Structural and typological characterization of urban areas (in Italian Caratterizzaione Tipologico-Strutturale dei comparti urbani costituiti da edifici ordinari) |
GIS | Geographic Information System |
GEM | Global Earthquake Model |
GPS | Global Positioning System |
POP3 | Post Office Protocol |
USGS | United States Geological Survey |
ROVER | Rapid Observation of Vulnerability and Estimation of Risk |
RViSITS | Rapid Visual Screening by Institut Teknologi Sepuluh Nopember, Surabaya |
Urban RAT | Urban Rapid Assessment Tool |
ML-EHSAPP | Machine Learning Based Earthquake Hazard Safety Assessment of buildings via smartphone App |
QR code | Quick Response code |
MUSE-DV | Multilevel assessment of Seismic Damage and Vulnerability of masonry buildings |
SU | Structural Unit |
DI | Damage Index |
VI | Vulnerability Index |
.xml | Extensible Markup Language |
.csv | Comma Separated Values |
CRUD | Create, Read, Update, and Delete |
SQL | Structured Query Language |
URL | Uniform Resource Locator |
API-REST | Application Programming Interface—Representational State Transfer |
http | Hypertext Transfer Protocol |
PHP | Personal Home Page |
JSON | JavaScript Object Notation |
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Graphic Element | Type of Answer | |
---|---|---|
Analogic Form | Digital Tool | |
_________________ | _________________ | short answer |
|__|__|__|__|__|__| | _________________ | short answer |
○ | ○ | single choice |
▼ | single choice on drop-down list | |
□ | □ | multiple choice |
Procedure | Level | Damage | Vulnerability | Structural Features | Usability |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
AeDES | 1 | multiple choice, severity, extent (EMS-98) | - | multiple choice | Yes |
A-DC | 1 | 0÷5 grade damage index | - | - | Yes |
B-DP | 1 | multiple choice, severity, extent (EMS-98) | - | short answers, extent within the building | Yes |
CLE | 1 | multiple choice (description) | - | multiple choice | No |
CARTIS urban area | 1 | - | factors: tick | walls: single choice diaphragms: multiple choice | No |
FEMA | 1 | - | factors: tick | - | No |
ATC-20 | 1 | multiple choice (description), severity, extent | - | - | Yes |
Churches | 2 | 0÷5 grade damage index | factors: tick and 0÷3 grade vulnerability index | multiple choice | Yes |
GNDT | 2 | - | parameters: A÷D class vulnerability index | (*) | No |
CARTIS building | 2 | - | factors: tick | walls: single choice diaphragms: multiple choice | No |
MUSE-DV Masonry: MUltilevel Assessment of SEismic Damage and Vulnerability of Masonry Buildings | |||
---|---|---|---|
Subpart | Issue | Type of Answer | Output |
Part 0—Building identification, overall vulnerability, and damage | |||
Building identification | Location | _______________ | |
Survey information | _______________ | ||
Building ID | _______________ | ||
Seismic identification | _______________ | ||
Typological analysis | Building type | ○ | |
Block shape/position of building inside a block | ○ | ||
Maintenance state and pre-existing damage | ○ | ||
Site morphology | ○ | ||
Geometric data | _______________ | ||
Damage identification | Prevailing damage mode | ○ | |
Main mechanism | ○ | ||
Secondary mechanism | ○ | ||
EMS-98 damage grade | ○ | ||
Part 1—Vulnerability and damage assessment of structural components | |||
Vulnerability assessment of structural components | Masonry quality | ○ | |
Connections | ○ | ||
Load bearing system | ○ | ||
Structural irregularities (plan or elevation) | ○ | ||
Damage assessment of structural components | Façade damage, orientation of seismic force | Sketch | |
Damage assessment of structural components (extent and severity) | ○ | Damage Index DI1 | |
Usability classification | ○ | ||
Part 2—Local mechanism analysis | |||
(1) External bearing walls | Mechanisms due to poor masonry quality | Damage: ▼ Photos | Damage Index DI2 |
Out-of-plane mechanisms | |||
In-plane mechanisms | |||
Damage due to interventions | |||
(2) Horizontal structures | Damage to loadbearing and non-structural elements | ||
Damage to structural vaults | |||
(3) Staircases | Damage to staircases | ||
(4) Roof structures | Damage to loadbearing and non-structural elements | Vulnerability: □ | Vulnerability Index VI2 |
(5) Internal bearing walls | Out-of-plane mechanisms on internal bearing walls | ||
(6) Non-structural elements | Damage to ceilings; internal partitions; chimneys; cornices; roofing tiles; parapets; jambs | ||
(7) Geometrical irregularities and soil–structure interaction | Interaction among adjacent buildings or between building and soil; mechanisms due to irregularities | ||
Part 3—Building features | |||
Masonry quality | Units and mortar | □ | |
Texture and arrangement | □ | ||
Cross-section | □ | ||
Diaphragms | Floors/Vaults | □ | |
Roofs | □ | ||
CARTIS type | ○ | ||
Structural Interventions | Walls | □ | |
Diaphragms | □ | ||
Type identification | EMS-98 Vulnerability class | □ | |
Extent of the survey | ○ |
Datum Type | MySQL Variable Type | Description | Number of Fields |
---|---|---|---|
ID | INT | integer number | 1 |
text | VARCHAR | short string | 42 |
photograph url | LONGTEXT | long string | 19 |
single choices | ENUM | set of named values | 126 |
multiple choices | SET | set of multiple values | 31 |
date of the survey | TIMESTAMP | time and date | 1 |
http Methods | CRUD Operations | Description |
---|---|---|
POST | CREATE | create a new resource |
GET | READ | read a resource |
PUT | UPDATE | update or change the status of a resource |
DELETE | DELETE | delete a resource |
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Sbrogiò, L.; Saretta, Y.; Molinari, F.; Valluzzi, M.R. Multilevel Assessment of Seismic Damage and Vulnerability of Masonry Buildings (MUSE-DV) in Historical Centers: Development of a Mobile Android Application. Sustainability 2022, 14, 7145. https://doi.org/10.3390/su14127145
Sbrogiò L, Saretta Y, Molinari F, Valluzzi MR. Multilevel Assessment of Seismic Damage and Vulnerability of Masonry Buildings (MUSE-DV) in Historical Centers: Development of a Mobile Android Application. Sustainability. 2022; 14(12):7145. https://doi.org/10.3390/su14127145
Chicago/Turabian StyleSbrogiò, Luca, Ylenia Saretta, Francesco Molinari, and Maria Rosa Valluzzi. 2022. "Multilevel Assessment of Seismic Damage and Vulnerability of Masonry Buildings (MUSE-DV) in Historical Centers: Development of a Mobile Android Application" Sustainability 14, no. 12: 7145. https://doi.org/10.3390/su14127145
APA StyleSbrogiò, L., Saretta, Y., Molinari, F., & Valluzzi, M. R. (2022). Multilevel Assessment of Seismic Damage and Vulnerability of Masonry Buildings (MUSE-DV) in Historical Centers: Development of a Mobile Android Application. Sustainability, 14(12), 7145. https://doi.org/10.3390/su14127145