Evaluation of Cyclic Healing Potential of Bacteria-Based Self-Healing Cementitious Composites
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Preparation of Mortar Prisms
2.1.1. Bacterial Isolates
2.1.2. Growth Medium (GM)
2.1.3. Aerated Concrete Granules (ACGs)
2.1.4. Casting of Mortar Prisms
2.2. Re-Cracking of Previously Healed 20-Month-Old Mortar Prisms
2.3. New Crack Produced on 22-Month-Old Mortar Prisms
3. Results
3.1. Re-Cracking of Previously Healed 20-Month-Old Mortar Prisms
3.1.1. Crack Area Quantification
3.1.2. Water Tightness
3.2. New Cracks Produced on 22-Month-Old Mortar Prisms
3.2.1. Crack Area Quantification
3.2.2. Water Tightness
4. Discussion
4.1. Re-Cracking of Previously Healed 20-Month-Old Mortar Prisms
4.2. New Cracks Produced on 22-Month-Old Mortar Prisms
5. Conclusions
- It has been demonstrated that bacterial spores encapsulated into ACGs remain viable within the cement matrix and can heal later-formed cracks (at 22 months) if proper conditions are supplied (i.e., nutrients, additional calcium, and humidity).
- The BBSH mortar formulation investigated, where spores from a bacterium closely related to Bacillus licheniformis were encapsulated into aerated concrete granules (ACGs), is not effective for re-healing previously healed cracks when these are reformed at a later age (i.e., 20 months).
- The lack of healing observed when the cracks were reformed is likely due to the absence of enough viable bacterial spores available within the reopened cracks. In this regard, further research is needed to elucidate whether the bacteria, capable of healing the cracks in the first instance, can form new spores and whether these new spores can remain protected within the calcium carbonate precipitates formed during the first healing cycle.
- Therefore, for one-time healing events, independent encapsulation of spores and nutrients might allow efficient healing. However, for successful cyclic healing, additional research should be conducted on developing systems capable of effective repetitive delivery of spores and nutrients (e.g., vascular networks).
Author Contributions
Funding
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Mix | Cement (g) | Water (mL) | Sand (g) | Calcium Nitrate (g) | Yeast Extract (g) | Bacterial Spores (CFU) | PVA-Coated ACG-S (g) | PVA-Coated ACG-NS (g) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Reference | 92 | 46 | 276 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
Control | 92 | 46 | 253 | 4.6 | 1.0 | 0 | 0 | 4.6 |
Bio | 92 | 46 | 253 | 4.6 | 1.0 | 2.1 × 1010 | 4.6 | 0 |
Mortar Mix | Sample | Healing Ratio (%) |
---|---|---|
Reference | Ref 1 | 21.4 |
Ref 2 | 35.7 | |
Ref 3 | 35.3 | |
Control | Ctrl 1 | 70.0 |
Ctrl 2 | 99.5 | |
Ctrl 3 | 99.9 | |
Bio | Bio 1 | 99.8 |
Bio 2 | 99.7 | |
Bio 3 | 92.2 |
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Justo-Reinoso, I.; Reeksting, B.J.; Heath, A.; Gebhard, S.; Paine, K. Evaluation of Cyclic Healing Potential of Bacteria-Based Self-Healing Cementitious Composites. Sustainability 2022, 14, 6845. https://doi.org/10.3390/su14116845
Justo-Reinoso I, Reeksting BJ, Heath A, Gebhard S, Paine K. Evaluation of Cyclic Healing Potential of Bacteria-Based Self-Healing Cementitious Composites. Sustainability. 2022; 14(11):6845. https://doi.org/10.3390/su14116845
Chicago/Turabian StyleJusto-Reinoso, Ismael, Bianca J. Reeksting, Andrew Heath, Susanne Gebhard, and Kevin Paine. 2022. "Evaluation of Cyclic Healing Potential of Bacteria-Based Self-Healing Cementitious Composites" Sustainability 14, no. 11: 6845. https://doi.org/10.3390/su14116845