Fundraising Appeals for the COVID-19 Epidemic Fight: A Cross-Country Study of Donor Responses
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Theoretical Basis
2.1. Cross-National Context: Kuwait and Bahrain
2.2. Monetary Donation Intentions via SNSs for the COVID-19 Epidemic Fight
2.3. Intrinsic and Extrinsic Motivations
2.3.1. Humanitarian Projects
2.3.2. NPOs
2.3.3. IT Features
2.3.4. SNS Features
2.3.5. Religiosity
2.3.6. Attitudes towards Online Monetary Donation
3. Materials and Methods
3.1. Sampling and Data Collection
3.2. Measurement and Analysis
4. Results
4.1. Model Evaluation
4.2. Hypothesis and Significance Tests
5. Discussion
5.1. Theoretical Implications
5.2. Policy Implications
6. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Criteria | Kuwait | Bahrain | |
---|---|---|---|
1. | Area (capital) | 17,818 sq. km (Kuwait City). | 760 sq. km (Manama). |
2. | Population (migrants %) | 4.2 million (70%). | 1.7 million (55%). |
3. | Religion (language) | Islam (Arabic). | Islam (Arabic). |
4. | Economic status |
|
|
5. | Internet penetration | 99.1%, approximately 4.1 million of the population. | 94.9%, approximately 1.6 million of the population. |
6. | SNSs penetration | Social networking penetration 99% Facebook 79%, Twitter 61%, Instagram 55%, Snapchat 54%. | Social networking penetration 84% Snapchat 63%, Facebook 60%, Twitter 58%, Instagram 51%. |
7. | Monetary donation and giving indices |
|
|
Variable | Categories | Kuwaiti Sample | Bahrain Sample | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
n = 565 | % | n = 236 | % | ||
Gender | Male | 209 | 37 | 133 | 56 |
Female | 356 | 63 | 103 | 44 | |
Age | 20–30 years | 330 | 59 | 136 | 57 |
31–40 years | 142 | 25 | 63 | 27 | |
41–50 years | 51 | 9 | 21 | 9 | |
51- above | 42 | 7 | 16 | 7 | |
Education level | Diploma certificate | 152 | 27 | 43 | 18 |
Bachelor’s degree | 343 | 61 | 124 | 53 | |
Master’s degree | 52 | 9 | 38 | 16 | |
PhD degree | 18 | 3 | 31 | 13 | |
Income level | Less than average | 59 | 10 | 68 | 29 |
Average * | 266 | 47 | 81 | 34 | |
Higher than average | 240 | 43 | 87 | 37 |
Variable | Conceptualization | No. of Item | Source |
---|---|---|---|
Humanitarian projects | Humanitarian endeavors and logistical assistance that provide unique and urgent responses and activities intended to mitigate the impact of COVID-19 on the most vulnerable populations. | 5 | [17] |
NPOss | NPOs or Non-profit organizations set-up by citizens with the aim of support social protection services, human welfare, and seeking out financial generosity from existing and potential donors as well as well-managed fundraising. | 5 | [16,41] |
IT-features | Features of digital technology and information, e.g., effectiveness, privacy, trustworthiness, reliability, security, that assist philanthropic activities. | 5 | [16] |
SNS-features | Features of social network sites and platforms, such as information presented, familiar SNS, user-friendly, communication and interactive features, that are harnessed for charity and donation. | 5 | [36] |
Religiosity | The level to which donors adhere to the religious teachings, including helping vulnerable groups and those affected by the pandemic. | 6 | [8] |
Attitude | Feelings or evaluations of donors, whether favorable or unfavorable toward online monetary donation to fight the pandemic. | 4 | [64] |
Monetary donations intentions via SNSs | Donors’ willingness to donate via SNSs to financially support relief efforts and respond positively to the current fundraising appeals. | 5 | [64] |
Constructs | Items | Kuwaiti Sample n = 565 | Items | Bahraini Sample n = 236 | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Loadings | AVE | CR | Loadings | AVE | CR | |||
Humanitarian projects (HUP) | HUP1 | 0.820 | 0.556 | 0.832 | HUP3 | 0.701 | 0.833 | 0.628 |
HUP2 | 0.700 | HUP4 | 0.900 | |||||
HUP3 | 0.816 | HUP5 | 0.763 | |||||
HUP4 | 0.630 | |||||||
Non-profit organisations (NPO) | NPO1 | 0.782 | 0.658 | 0.885 | NPO1 | 0.575 | 0.505 | 0.797 |
NPO2 | 0.816 | NPO2 | 0.537 | |||||
NPO3 | 0.842 | NPO4 | 0.868 | |||||
NPO4 | 0.804 | NPO5 | 0.805 | |||||
IT-features (ITF) | ITF1 | 0.814 | 0.767 | 0.943 | ITF1 | 0.502 | 0.554 | 0.857 |
ITF2 | 0.908 | ITF2 | 0.663 | |||||
ITF3 | 0.919 | ITF3 | 0.852 | |||||
ITF4 | 0.879 | ITF4 | 0.820 | |||||
ITF5 | 0.854 | ITF5 | 0.824 | |||||
SNS-features (SNS) | SNS1 | 0.728 | 0.533 | 0.849 | SNS1 | 0.637 | 0.527 | 0.846 |
SNS2 | 0.852 | SNS2 | 0.688 | |||||
SNS3 | 0.796 | SNS3 | 0.803 | |||||
SNS4 | 0.647 | SNS4 | 0.660 | |||||
SNS5 | 0.596 | SNS5 | 0.822 | |||||
Religiosity (REL) | REL1 | 0.584 | 0.549 | 0.827 | REL1 | 0.623 | 0.533 | 0.850 |
REL4 | 0.783 | REL3 | 0.693 | |||||
REL5 | 0.852 | REL4 | 0.818 | |||||
REL6 | 0.719 | REL5 | 0.768 | |||||
REL6 | 0.734 | |||||||
Attitude toward online monetary donation (ATT) | ATT1 | 0.731 | 0.713 | 0.908 | ATT2 | 0.654 | 0.576 | 0.801 |
ATT2 | 0.824 | ATT3 | 0.860 | |||||
ATT3 | 0.916 | ATT4 | 0.749 | |||||
ATT4 | 0.894 | |||||||
Monetary donation intentions via SNSs for COVID-19 epidemic fight (INT) | INT1 | 0.889 | 0.764 | 0.942 | INT1 | 0.809 | 0.687 | 0.897 |
INT2 | 0.920 | INT2 | 0.903 | |||||
INT3 | 0.885 | INT3 | 0.876 | |||||
INT4 | 0.892 | INT4 | 0.716 | |||||
INT5 | 0.776 |
Kuwaiti Sample | |||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | |
1. HUP | |||||||
2. NPO | 0.438 | ||||||
3. ITF | 0.310 | 0.460 | |||||
4. SNS | 0.269 | 0.391 | 0.133 | ||||
5. REL | 0.280 | 0.288 | 0.209 | 0.109 | |||
6. ATT | 0.526 | 0.358 | 0.470 | 0.223 | 0.296 | ||
7. INT | 0.405 | 0.208 | 0.268 | 0.345 | 0.214 | 0.538 | -- |
Bahraini sample | |||||||
1. HUP | |||||||
2. NPO | 0.411 | ||||||
3. ITF | 0.332 | 0.377 | |||||
4. SNS | 0.317 | 0.368 | 0.420 | ||||
5. REL | 0.257 | 0.142 | 0.288 | 0.492 | |||
6. ATT | 0.539 | 0.562 | 0.357 | 0.507 | 0.590 | ||
7. INT | 0.378 | 0.282 | 0.230 | 0.246 | 0.542 | 0.425 | -- |
Kuwaiti Sample | Bahraini Sample | ||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Hypothesized Relationship | β | t | p | Sig? | β | t | p | Sig? | |||||
Direct effects | |||||||||||||
H1 | HUP | → | ATT | 0.279 | 6.388 | 0.000 | Yes | 0.168 | 2.626 | 0.009 | Yes | ||
H2 | NPO | → | ATT | 0.019 | 0.421 | 0.674 | No | 0.356 | 5.704 | 0.000 | Yes | ||
H3 | ITF | → | ATT | 0.307 | 6.925 | 0.000 | Yes | 0.014 | 0.251 | 0.802 | No | ||
H4 | SNS | → | ATT | 0.128 | 3.756 | 0.000 | Yes | 0.150 | 2.081 | 0.037 | Yes | ||
H5 | REL | → | ATT | 0.128 | 3.071 | 0.002 | Yes | 0.305 | 4.666 | 0.000 | Yes | ||
H6 | REL | → | INT | 0.073 | 1.685 | 0.092 | No | 0.362 | 5.881 | 0.000 | Yes | ||
H7 | ATT | → | INT | 0.467 | 12.001 | 0.000 | Yes | 0.203 | 4.022 | 0.000 | Yes | ||
Indirect effects | |||||||||||||
H8 | HUP | → | ATT | → | INT | 0.130 | 5.558 | 0.000 | Yes | 0.034 | 2.057 | 0.040 | Yes |
H9 | NPO | → | ATT | → | INT | 0.009 | 0.417 | 0.676 | No | 0.072 | 2.810 | 0.005 | Yes |
H10 | ITF | → | ATT | → | INT | 0.143 | 5.773 | 0.000 | Yes | 0.003 | 0.237 | 0.812 | No |
H11 | SNS | → | ATT | → | INT | 0.060 | 3.430 | 0.001 | Yes | 0.030 | 2.093 | 0.036 | Yes |
H12 | REL | → | ATT | → | INT | 0.060 | 2.901 | 0.004 | Yes | 0.062 | 2.968 | 0.003 | Yes |
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Bin-Nashwan, S.A.; Sarea, A.; Al-Daihani, M.; Ado, A.B.; Begum, H.; Alosaimi, M.H.; Abdul-Jabbar, H.; Abdelsalam, M.K. Fundraising Appeals for the COVID-19 Epidemic Fight: A Cross-Country Study of Donor Responses. Sustainability 2022, 14, 6486. https://doi.org/10.3390/su14116486
Bin-Nashwan SA, Sarea A, Al-Daihani M, Ado AB, Begum H, Alosaimi MH, Abdul-Jabbar H, Abdelsalam MK. Fundraising Appeals for the COVID-19 Epidemic Fight: A Cross-Country Study of Donor Responses. Sustainability. 2022; 14(11):6486. https://doi.org/10.3390/su14116486
Chicago/Turabian StyleBin-Nashwan, Saeed Awadh, Adel Sarea, Meshari Al-Daihani, Abdullahi Bala Ado, Halima Begum, Mushari Hamdan Alosaimi, Hijattulah Abdul-Jabbar, and Mohammed Khalifa Abdelsalam. 2022. "Fundraising Appeals for the COVID-19 Epidemic Fight: A Cross-Country Study of Donor Responses" Sustainability 14, no. 11: 6486. https://doi.org/10.3390/su14116486