The Impact of a City on Its Environment: The Prism of Demography and Selected Environmental and Technical Aspects Based on the Case of Major Lower Silesian Cities
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Balancing the Development of a City and Its Environment
3. Methodological Remarks
- 1.
- The sewage system spatial availability ratio (SAsewage):
- 2.
- The sewerage system demographic burden ratio (Lsevage):
- 3.
- The water supply system spatial availability ratio (SAwater):
- 4.
- The water supply system demographic burden ratio (Lwater):
- |0.00–0.3| = weak correlation;
- |0.31–0.6| = moderate correlation;
- |0.61–1.0| = strong correlation.
4. Results
4.1. The Populations of Major Lower Silesian Cities and the Surrounding Municipalities
4.2. Water and Sewage Infrastructure of the Analyzed Municipalities and the Generation of Solid Waste
5. Discussion
6. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
- Kulczyk-Dynowska, A. Parki Narodowe a Funkcje Turystyczne i Gospodarcze Gmin Terytorialnie Powiązanych; Uniwersytet Przyrodniczy: Wrocław, Poland, 2018; pp. 205–221. [Google Scholar]
- Szerszen, L.; Chodak, T.; Borkowski, J.; Bogda, A.; Karczewska, A. Stan srodowiska glebowego Dolnego Slaska. Zesz. Probl. Postępów Nauk. Rol. 1995, 418, 61–74. [Google Scholar]
- Zielona Dolina. Available online: https://zielonadolina.biz/ (accessed on 7 February 2022).
- Available online: https://www.skanska.pl/oferta/biura/raporty-i-standardy/cee-investment-report-2019/ (accessed on 12 March 2022).
- Hełdak, M.; Raszka, B. Evaluation of the Local Spatial Policy in Poland with Regard to Sustainable Development. Pol. J. Environ. Study 2013, 22, 395–402. [Google Scholar]
- Central Statistical Office. Local Data Bank. Available online: https://bdl.stat.gov.pl/BDL/start (accessed on 10 February 2022).
- Malecki, E.J. Cities and regions competing in the global economy: Knowledge and local development policies. Environ. Plan. C Gov. Policy 2007, 25, 638–654. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Szewrański, S.Z.; Kazak, J. Socio-environmental vulnerability assessment for sustainable management. Sustainability 2020, 12, 7906. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Jędruch, M.; Furmankiewicz, M.; Kaczmarek, I. Spatial Analysis of Asymmetry in the Development of Tourism Infrastructure in the Borderlands: The Case of the Bystrzyckie and Orlickie Mountains. ISPRS Int. J. Geo-Inf. 2020, 9, 470. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Ioppolo, G.; Cucurachi, S.; Salomone, R.; Saija, G.; Shi, L. Sustainable local development and environmental governance: A strategic planning experience. Sustainability 2016, 8, 180. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Perrings, C.; Ansuategi, A. Sustainability, growth and development. J. Econ. Stud. 2000, 27, 19–54. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Furmankiewicz, M.; Hewitt, R.J.; Kapusta, A.; Solecka, I. Climate Change Challenges and Community-Led Development Strategies: Do They Fit together in Fisheries Regions? Energies 2021, 14, 6614. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Furmankiewicz, M.; Bochenkiewicz, M. Renewable Energy and Community-Led Local Development in Poland: Do Rural Communities Take Measures to Combat Climate Change? In Sustainable Development Goals 2030: Challenges for South and Eastern European Countries and the Black Sea Region, Proceedings of the 15th International Conference of ASECU, Sofia, Bulgaria, 26–27 September 2019; Goev, V., Zarotiadis, G., Eds.; UNWE Publishing Complex: Sofia, Bulgaria, 2019; pp. 212–221. [Google Scholar]
- Climate Change and Heritage Working Group. The Future of Our Pasts: Engaging Cultural Heritage in Climate Action Outline of Climate Change and Cultural Heritage; International Council on Monuments and Sites-ICOMOS: Paris, France, 2019. [Google Scholar]
- Kittel, P. Slope deposits as an indicator of anthropopressure in the light of research in Central Poland. Quat. Int. 2014, 324, 34–55. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Kistowski, M. Przegląd wybranych podejść metodycznych w zakresie analizy i oceny wpływu człowieka na środowisko przyrodnicze. Probl. Ekol. Kraj. 2014, 17, 60–70. [Google Scholar]
- Moswete, N.; Brijesh, T.; Darley, W. Local communities’ attitudes and support towards the Kgalagadi Transfrontier Park in southwest Botswana. Sustainability 2020, 12, 1524. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Maciejko, A.; Wojtyszyn, B. Tourism Infrastructure Providing Access to Areas of Protected Landscape and Nature in Poland. Selected Examples. IOP Conf. Ser. Mater. Sci. Eng. 2019, 603, 042049. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Zawilińska, B.; Brańka, P.; Majewski, K.; Semczuk, M. National Parks—Areas of Economic Development or Stagnation? Evidence from Poland. Sustainability 2021, 13, 11351. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Przybyła, K.; Kachniarz, M.; Kulczyk-Dynowska, A.; Ramsey, D. The impact of changes in administrative status on the tourist functions of cities: A case study from Poland. Econ. Res.-Ekon. Istraživanja 2019, 32, 578–603. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- CIDA (Canadian International Development Agency). Indicators for Sustainability: How Cities Are Monitoring and Evaluating Their Success. 2012. Available online: http://sustainablecities.net/wp-content/uploads/2015/10/indicators-for-sustainability-intl-case-studies-final.pdf (accessed on 12 November 2018).
- Solecka, I.; Krajewski, P.; Krzyżanek, A.; Garczyńska, A. Citizens’ Perceptions of Landscape Changes and Their Driving Forces: Evidence from Poland. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2022, 19, 1688. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Restrepo, C.P.; Cineas, G.; Quintero, L.E.; Zhukova, S. Cities in Eastern Europe and Central Asia: A Story of Urban Growth and Decline; Report No. AUS12288; The World Bank: Washington, DC, USA, 2017. [Google Scholar]
- Watson, V. The planned city sweeps the poor away…. Urban planning and 21st century urbanisation. Prog. Plan. 2009, 72, 151–193. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Cohen, B. Urbanization in developing countries. Current trends, future projections, and key challenges for sustainability. Technol. Soc. 2006, 28, 63–80. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- EEA—European Environment Agency. Urban Sprawl in Europe. EEA Report No. 11/2016. Available online: https://www.eea.europa.eu/publications/urban-sprawl-in-europe (accessed on 18 April 2022).
- Hennig, E.I.; Schwickb, C.; Soukupc, T.; Orlitovác, E.; Kienastb, F.; Jaegera, J.A.G. Multi-scale analysis of urban sprawl in Europe: Towards a European de-sprawling strategy. Land Use Policy 2015, 49, 483–498. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Available online: https://www.undp.org/sustainable-development-goals (accessed on 30 April 2022).
- Zborowski, A.; Soja, M.; Łobodzińska, A. Population trends in Polish cities—Stagnation, depopulation or shrinkage? Pract. Geogr. 2012, 130, 7–28. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Kulczyk-Dynowska, A.; Stacherzak, A. Selected elements of technical infrastructure in municipalities territorially connected with national parks. Sustainability 2020, 12, 4015. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Heidrich, Z. Kierunki rozwiązań systemów kanalizacyjnych na obszarach wiejskich. Przegląd Nauk. Inżynieria Kształtowanie Sr. 2005, 14, 147–152. [Google Scholar]
- Jóźwiakowski, K.; Pytka, A. Rozwój gospodarki wodno-ściekowej na terenach wiejskich w Polsce w latach 1990–2008. In Gospodarka Odpadami Komunalnymi; Monografia Komitetu Chemii Analitycznej PAN: Warszawa, Poland, 2010; Volume 6, pp. 31–39. [Google Scholar]
- Błażejewski, R.; Murat-Błażejewska, S. Gospodarka ściekowa na terenach wiejskich. In Ocena Gospodarki Ściekowo-Osadowej w Polsce; Bień, J., Gromiec, M., Pawłowski, L., Eds.; Monografia No. 166; Polska Akademia Nauk: Lublin, Poland, 2020; pp. 77–86. [Google Scholar]
- Heffner, K. Zmiany przestrzenne na obszarach wiejskich w Polsce w okresie transformacji i po wejściu do Unii Europejskiej. Studia KPZK 2016, 167, 12–27. [Google Scholar]
- Available online: https://samorzad.pap.pl/kategoria/aktualnosci/swietalski-o-projektach-kanalizacyjnych-rzadu-takich-srodkow-tereny-wiejskie (accessed on 16 May 2022).
- Wiśniewska, M. Ekspansja zabudowy na tereny wiejskie. Architectura 2008, 7, 55–61. [Google Scholar]
- Kukuła, K. Zero unitarisation method as a tool in ranking research. Econ. Sci. Rural Dev. 2014, 36, 95–100. [Google Scholar]
- Kowalewski, G. Metody porządkowania liniowego. In Ekonometria; Dziechciarz, J., Ed.; Akademia Ekonomiczna: Wrocław, Poland, 2002; pp. 287–304. [Google Scholar]
- Sobczyk, M. Statystyka Opisowa; C.H. Beck: Warszawa, Poland, 2010; pp. 117–118. [Google Scholar]
- Furmankiewicz, M.; Campbell, A. From Single-Use Community Facilities Support to Integrated Sustainable Development: The Aims of Inter-Municipal Cooperation in Poland, 1990–2018. Sustainability 2019, 11, 5890. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- System Gospodarowania Przestrzenią Jako Dobrem Publicznym, Nr Ewid. 193/2016/KIN. Available online: https://www.nik.gov.pl/aktualnosci/nik-o-systemie-gospodarowania-przestrzenia-gmin.html (accessed on 12 March 2022).
- Gawrońska, A. Klient na peryferiach. Rzeczpospolita 2020, 125, N1. [Google Scholar]
- Available online: https://bip.um.wroc.pl/artykuly/307/projekty-unijne (accessed on 19 April 2022).
- Available online: https://miasto.jeleniagora.pl/grupa/fundusze-ue (accessed on 19 April 2022).
- Available online: https://portal.legnica.eu/fundusze-unijne-3-1181/ (accessed on 19 April 2022).
- Available online: https://um.walbrzych.pl/projekty_ue/ (accessed on 19 April 2022).
- Available online: https://rpo.dolnyslask.pl/o-projekcie/rpo-wd-2021-2027/dokumenty-programowe/ (accessed on 18 April 2022).
No. | Municipality Name | Increase or Decrease in Percentage * of Population | Ranking Position |
---|---|---|---|
1 | Boguszów-Gorce (1) | −18.40 | 27 |
2 | Czernica (2) | 146.27 | 1 |
3 | Długołęka (2) | 108.05 | 2 |
4 | Janowice Wielkie (2) | 1.47 | 14 |
5 | Jedlina-Zdrój (1) | −13.84 | 25 |
6 | Jelenia Góra (1) | −16.18 | 26 |
7 | Jeżów Sudecki (2) | 30.21 | 9 |
8 | Kąty Wrocławskie (3) | 52.00 | 7 |
9 | Kobierzyce (2) | 94.83 | 4 |
10 | Krotoszyce (2) | −1.29 | 19 |
11 | Kunice (2) | 65.96 | 5 |
12 | Legnica (1) | −8.80 | 24 |
13 | Legnickie Pole (2) | 1.02 | 15 |
14 | Mieroszów (3) | −18.53 | 29 |
15 | Miękinia (2) | 62.02 | 6 |
16 | Miłkowice (2) | 7.98 | 12 |
17 | Mysłakowice (2) | −0.92 | 18 |
18 | Oborniki Śląskie (3) | 22.37 | 10 |
19 | Piechowice (1) | −18.44 | 28 |
20 | Podgórzyn (2) | 3.29 | 13 |
21 | Siechnice (3) | 97.69 | 3 |
22 | Stara Kamienica (2) | −1.43 | 20 |
23 | Stare Bogaczowice (2) | −0.28 | 17 |
24 | Szczawno-Zdrój (1) | −7.43 | 21 |
25 | Świdnica (2) | 15.57 | 11 |
26 | Świebodzice (1) | −8.76 | 22 |
27 | Walim (2) | −8.76 | 23 |
28 | Wałbrzych (1) | −21.01 | 30 |
29 | Wisznia Mała (2) | 51.92 | 8 |
30 | Wrocław (1) | −0.01 | 16 |
Municipality Name | 1995 | 2020 | SDM Increase | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
SDM | L | SDM | L | % | ||
1 | Boguszów-Gorce (1) | 0.130 | 14 | 0.315 | 19 | 141 |
2 | Czernica (2) | 0.227 | 4 | 0.554 | 3 | 144 |
3 | Długołęka (2) | 0.064 | 26 | 0.350 | 16 | 451 |
4 | Janowice Wielkie (2) | 0.067 | 25 | 0.427 | 12 | 541 |
5 | Jedlina-Zdrój (1) | 0.159 | 11 | 0.368 | 13 | 132 |
6 | Jelenia Góra (1) | 0.209 | 6 | 0.441 | 10 | 111 |
7 | Jeżów Sudecki (2) | 0.063 | 27 | 0.247 | 27 | 292 |
8 | Kąty Wrocławskie (3) | 0.102 | 19 | 0.355 | 15 | 248 |
9 | Kobierzyce (2) | 0.210 | 5 | 0.481 | 7 | 130 |
10 | Krotoszyce (2) | 0.077 | 23 | 0.475 | 9 | 518 |
11 | Kunice (2) | 0.133 | 13 | 0.516 | 4 | 288 |
12 | Legnica (1) | 0.359 | 2 | 0.495 | 5 | 38 |
13 | Legnickie Pole (2) | 0.090 | 21 | 0.437 | 11 | 388 |
14 | Mieroszów (3) | 0.090 | 22 | 0.262 | 23 | 192 |
15 | Miękinia (2) | 0.096 | 20 | 0.278 | 22 | 189 |
16 | Miłkowice (2) | 0.206 | 7 | 0.621 | 1 | 201 |
17 | Mysłakowice (2) | 0.058 | 28 | 0.349 | 18 | 499 |
18 | Oborniki Śląskie (3) | 0.122 | 16 | 0.218 | 29 | 78 |
19 | Piechowice (1) | 0.200 | 9 | 0.222 | 28 | 11 |
20 | Podgórzyn (2) | 0.128 | 15 | 0.475 | 8 | 270 |
21 | Siechnice (3) | 0.122 | 17 | 0.291 | 20 | 139 |
22 | Stara Kamienica (2) | 0.005 | 30 | 0.254 | 24 | 5466 |
23 | Stare Bogaczowice (2) | 0.046 | 29 | 0.286 | 21 | 521 |
24 | Szczawno-Zdrój (1) | 0.160 | 10 | 0.253 | 25 | 58 |
25 | Świdnica (2) | 0.117 | 18 | 0.251 | 26 | 114 |
26 | Świebodzice (1) | 0.201 | 8 | 0.490 | 6 | 144 |
27 | Walim (2) | 0.069 | 24 | 0.159 | 30 | 130 |
28 | Wałbrzych (1) | 0.264 | 3 | 0.356 | 14 | 35 |
29 | Wisznia Mała (2) | 0.137 | 12 | 0.349 | 17 | 156 |
30 | Wrocław (1) | 0.399 | 1 | 0.575 | 2 | 44 |
Publisher’s Note: MDPI stays neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations. |
© 2022 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).
Share and Cite
Kulczyk-Dynowska, A.; Stacherzak, A. The Impact of a City on Its Environment: The Prism of Demography and Selected Environmental and Technical Aspects Based on the Case of Major Lower Silesian Cities. Sustainability 2022, 14, 6393. https://doi.org/10.3390/su14116393
Kulczyk-Dynowska A, Stacherzak A. The Impact of a City on Its Environment: The Prism of Demography and Selected Environmental and Technical Aspects Based on the Case of Major Lower Silesian Cities. Sustainability. 2022; 14(11):6393. https://doi.org/10.3390/su14116393
Chicago/Turabian StyleKulczyk-Dynowska, Alina, and Agnieszka Stacherzak. 2022. "The Impact of a City on Its Environment: The Prism of Demography and Selected Environmental and Technical Aspects Based on the Case of Major Lower Silesian Cities" Sustainability 14, no. 11: 6393. https://doi.org/10.3390/su14116393