Assessment of Strength and Durability Properties of Self-Compacting Concrete Comprising Alccofine
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Experimental Investigation
2.1. Materials
2.2. Mix Proportions
2.3. Testing of Fresh and Mechanical Properties of SCC
2.4. Testing of Durability Properties of SCC
2.4.1. Determination of Density, Absorption, and Voids in Hardened Concrete
2.4.2. Determination of Sorptivity
2.4.3. Sulphate Resistance
2.4.4. Acid Resistance
3. Results and Discussion
3.1. Properties of Fresh Concrete
3.2. Properties of Hardened Concrete
3.3. Comparison of Utilization Percentage of Alccofine with Existing Research
3.4. Density, Absorption, and Voids in Hardened Concrete
3.5. Sorptivity Test
3.6. Sulphate Resistance Test
3.7. Acid Resistance Test
4. Conclusions
- The fresh properties of alccofine-based SCC mixes are increased from 10 to 30% due to the enhanced lubrication effect for the selected W/B ratio and SP dosage. However, it has considerably decreased from 40 to 60% due to the superior surface area produced by slag addition and increased water demand;
- The mechanical properties are gradually increased for the mixes C5-A10 to C5-A30 and decreased further. The increase in strength is due to the increased total specific surface area, denser particle packing, and high pozzolanic reactivity that resulted in an enhanced hydration process. The occurrence of a higher amount of calcium, silica, and alumina in alccofine is one reason for the enhancement of the compressive strength;
- The improved flexural strength and Young’s modulus of concrete are due to its pozzolanic reaction, which improved the bond between binder material and aggregate and resulted in improved strength at the Interfacial Transition Zone;
- The water absorption percentage, voids, and sorptivity of the mixes C5-A0 to C5-A60 are decreased gradually. The increase in the replacement percentage of alccofine in the SCC mix considerably reduced water absorption capacity, voids, and sorptivity due to the presence of rich fineness, which leads to fewer pores and higher density in the concrete;
- The percentage of strength loss for the mixes C5-A0 to C5-A30 is gradually reduced for sulphate and acid resistance tests, respectively. Furthermore, it is increased for C5-A40 to C5-A60. Overall, the mix C5-A30 showed better resistance against chemicals in the durability examination. This enhanced resistance is due to lower permeability, better formation of C-S-H gel by improved hydration, and a reduction in the size of capillary pores.
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Chemical Composition (%) | ||
---|---|---|
Component | Cement | Alccofine 1203 |
CaO | 66.67 | 32.20 |
SiO2 | 18.91 | 35.30 |
Fe2O3 | 4.94 | 1.20 |
Al2O3 | 4.51 | 21.40 |
SO3 | 2.5 | 0.13 |
MgO | 0.87 | 6.20 |
K2O | 0.43 | - |
Na2O | 0.12 | - |
Description | Mix ID | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
C5-A0 | C5-A10 | C5-A20 | C5-A30 | C5-A40 | C5-A50 | C5-A60 | |
Cement | 465 | 418.5 | 372 | 325.5 | 279 | 232.5 | 186 |
Alccofine | 0 | 46.5 | 93 | 139.5 | 186 | 232.5 | 279 |
Fine aggregate | 915 | 915 | 915 | 915 | 915 | 915 | 915 |
Coarse aggregate | 836 | 836 | 836 | 836 | 836 | 836 | 836 |
Water | 186 | 186 | 186 | 186 | 186 | 186 | 186 |
Superplasticizer | 4.65 | 4.65 | 4.65 | 4.65 | 4.65 | 4.65 | 4.65 |
Description | Mix ID | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
C5-A0 | C5-A10 | C5-A20 | C5-A30 | C5-A40 | C5-A50 | C5-A60 | |
Slump (mm) | 562 | 650 | 687 | 690 | 645 | 580 | 525 |
T50 cm (s) | 6 | 5 | 4 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 8 |
V-Funnel (s) | 6 | 4 | 3 | 3 | 7 | 17 | 23 |
L-Box (h2/h1) | 0.81 | 0.86 | 0.95 | 0.95 | 0.84 | 0.76 | 0.62 |
Description | Mix ID | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
C5-A0 | C5-A10 | C5-A20 | C5-A30 | C5-A40 | C5-A50 | C5-A60 | |
Compressive Strength N/mm2 | 30.69 | 34.09 | 45.77 | 48.13 | 43.84 | 37.21 | 34.68 |
Flexural Strength N/mm2 | 3.49 | 3.67 | 4.26 | 4.46 | 4.17 | 3.84 | 3.71 |
E-for Concrete ×103 N/mm2 | 26.77 | 28.21 | 32.82 | 33.79 | 32.1 | 29.53 | 28.54 |
Reference | Total Powder Content (kg/m3) | W/B Ratio | Combination | Slump Flow | Compressive Strength (N/mm2) | Utilization Range of Alccofine % | Optimum Alccofine % | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Binary | Ternary | 7 Days | 28 Days | ||||||
[35] | 483 | 0.45 | C + AF | - | 580 to 720 | 24.6 to 31.7 | 28.55 to 35.25 | 10 | 10 |
[32] | 500 | 0.36 | - | C + AF+ FA | - | 20 to 24 | 32 to 34 | 5–15 | 10 |
[36] | 550 | 0.41 | - | C + AF+ FA | 540 to 690 | 20 to 30 | 31 to 41 | 2.5–10 | 10 |
[1] | 540 | 0.34 | C + AF | - | 700 to 720 | 46.22 to 48.89 | 57.33 to 62.67 | 5–15 | 10 |
[37] | 650 | 0.4 | C + AF | - | 665 to 692 | 34.66 to 36.44 | 57.77 to 60.44 | 5–15 | 10 |
[38] | - | - | - | C + AF + GGBS | 670 to 720 | 25.2 to 29.6 | 38.2 to 42.9 | 5–20 | 10 |
[18] | 465 | 0.4 | C + AF | - | 521 to 712 | 16.3 to 37.14 | 26.34 to 58.11 | 10–60 | 30 |
[16] | 465 | 0.4 | C + AF | - | 525 to 690 | 25.86 to 32.11 | 34.09 to 48.13 | 10–60 | 30 |
[13] | 600 | 0.3 | - | C + AF+ FA | - | 44.06 | 54.89 | 4–14 | 8 |
[39] | - | - | C + AF | - | 700–710 | 17.66 to 28.66 | 27 to 34 | 5–15 | 10 |
[40,41] | 360 | 0.4 | C + AF+ FA | 630–680 | 26.5 to 36.8 | 41.9 to 46.4 | 5–15 | 10 | |
[42] | 560 | 0.34 | - | C + AF + GGBS | - | 28.19 to 30.69 | 41.85 to 46.79 | 2.5–10 | 7.5 |
[43,44] | 496 | 0.34 | C + AF | - | 657–670 | - | - | 10–40 | 30 |
[45] | 600 | 0.3 | - | C + AF+ FA | 720–760 | - | 71.3 to 80.2 | 3–15 | 12 |
[46] | - | 0.4 | - | C + AF+ FA | 550–612 | - | 20.05 to 30.88 | 10–25 | 15 |
[47] | 525 | 0.4 | C + AF | - | 640–670 | 15.49 to 20.79 | 43.21 to 51.16 | 10–50 | 20 |
Description | Mix ID | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
C5-A0 | C5-A10 | C5-A20 | C5-A30 | C5-A40 | C5-A50 | C5-A60 | |
After 48 h immersion | 0.290 | 0.242 | 0.215 | 0.202 | 0.204 | 0.198 | 0.170 |
After boiling | 0.405 | 0.360 | 0.331 | 0.315 | 0.315 | 0.305 | 0.273 |
Bulk density dry, Mg/m3 | 1.815 | 1.873 | 1.910 | 1.935 | 1.958 | 1.972 | 2.002 |
Apparent density Mg/m3 | 1.828 | 1.885 | 1.922 | 1.947 | 1.970 | 1.984 | 2.013 |
Volume of permeable pore space % | 0.735 | 0.674 | 0.633 | 0.610 | 0.618 | 0.601 | 0.546 |
Description | Mix ID | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
C5-A0 | C5-A10 | C5-A20 | C5-A30 | C5-A40 | C5-A50 | C5-A60 | |
Initial rate of absorption (mm/s1/2) | 0.016 | 0.009 | 0.009 | 0.008 | 0.006 | 0.006 | 0.004 |
Correlation coefficient R2 | 0.99 | 0.99 | 0.98 | 0.98 | 0.98 | 0.98 | 0.99 |
Description | Mix ID | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
C5-A0 | C5-A10 | C5-A20 | C5-A30 | C5-A40 | C5-A50 | C5-A60 | |
MgSO4 Solution at 28 days | 28.60 | 32.87 | 44.85 | 47.51 | 42.96 | 36.17 | 33.02 |
MgSO4 Solution at 56 days | 25.75 | 29.84 | 40.48 | 42.93 | 38.42 | 32.47 | 29.76 |
Description | Mix ID | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
C5-A0 | C5-A10 | C5-A20 | C5-A30 | C5-A40 | C5-A50 | C5-A60 | |
HCl Solution at 28 days | 25.46 | 28.94 | 41.58 | 43.78 | 39.12 | 31.48 | 29.18 |
HCl Solution at 56 days | 21.59 | 25.94 | 35.58 | 37.74 | 34.12 | 28.08 | 25.18 |
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Prithiviraj, C.; Saravanan, J.; Ramesh Kumar, D.; Murali, G.; Vatin, N.I.; Swaminathan, P. Assessment of Strength and Durability Properties of Self-Compacting Concrete Comprising Alccofine. Sustainability 2022, 14, 5895. https://doi.org/10.3390/su14105895
Prithiviraj C, Saravanan J, Ramesh Kumar D, Murali G, Vatin NI, Swaminathan P. Assessment of Strength and Durability Properties of Self-Compacting Concrete Comprising Alccofine. Sustainability. 2022; 14(10):5895. https://doi.org/10.3390/su14105895
Chicago/Turabian StylePrithiviraj, Chidambaram, Jagadeesan Saravanan, Deivasigamani Ramesh Kumar, Gunasekaran Murali, Nikolai Ivanovich Vatin, and Packirisamy Swaminathan. 2022. "Assessment of Strength and Durability Properties of Self-Compacting Concrete Comprising Alccofine" Sustainability 14, no. 10: 5895. https://doi.org/10.3390/su14105895