Integrating Regionalized Socioeconomic Considerations onto Life Cycle Assessment for Evaluating Bioeconomy Value Chains: A Case Study on Hybrid Wood–Concrete Ceiling Elements
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Definition of the Case Study
2.2. Systems Definition for the Case Study
2.3. Life Cycle Assessment
2.3.1. Goal and Scope Definition
2.3.2. System Definition
2.3.3. Specification of Demonstrator Compositions and Definition of a Functional Unit
2.3.4. Data Collection and Life Cycle Inventories
2.3.5. Life Cycle Impact Assessment
2.4. Regionalized Social Life Cycle Assessment
2.4.1. Definition of Goal and Scope
2.4.2. Inventory Analysis
2.4.3. Impact Assessment
3. Results
3.1. Life Cycle Assessment
3.2. Regionalized Social Life Cycle Assessment
4. Discussion
4.1. Life Cycle Assessment
4.2. Regionalized Social Life Cycle Assessment
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Parameters of Material Composition | Value | Unit | Source |
---|---|---|---|
Specific weight of a demonstrator element | 10,710 | kg per element | Own calculations |
Possible range of solid concrete density | 1250–1400 | kg/m3 | Leading-edge cluster bioeconomy and parameters from [47] |
Length | 9300 | mm | Leading-edge cluster bioeconomy/Fraunhofer WKI |
Width | 3000 | mm | Leading-edge cluster bioeconomy/Fraunhofer WKI |
Thickness | 250 | mm | Leading-edge cluster bioeconomy/Fraunhofer WKI |
Fraction of flakes of fibers in relation to solid concrete density | 15–250 | % by weight related to solid concrete | Leading-edge cluster bioeconomy/Fraunhofer WKI and parameters from [47] |
Bulk density of wood flakes | 230 | kg/m3 | Leading-edge cluster bioeconomy/Fraunhofer WKI |
Density of wood flakes in the element production process | Approx. 280 | kg/m3 | Leading-edge cluster bioeconomy/Fraunhofer WKI |
Subnet/Intermediates | Unit Processes | Source |
---|---|---|
Production of beech wood fibers for wood-based lightweight concrete system demonstrator type 1 | Natio: refiner <e-ep> Natio: fiber drying <e-ep> RER: wood chips, deciduous wood, u = 80%, stationary chipper <e-ep> RER: chipping of pulp/fiber wood, stationary chipper electric, at the gate RER: deciduous wood, allocation factor, 1 RER: deciduous wood DE: electricity mix PE DE: thermal energy from natural gas PE | - Results of own modeling and using data sources from [47] - Generic energy demands for refiners [48], adapted to beech wood - Life Cycle Inventories of Wood as Fuel and Construction Material. In: Final report ecoinvent data v2.0 Dübendorf, CH 2007. - PE International, GaBi database 2008–2013 |
Production of beech wood flakes for wood-based lightweight concrete system demonstrator type 2 | RER: wood chips, deciduous wood, u = 80%, stationary chipper <e-ep> RER: chipping of pulp/fiber wood, stationary chipper electric, at the gate RER: deciduous wood, allocation factor, 1 RER: deciduous wood DE: electricity Mix PE DE: thermal energy from natural gas PE Disc Flaker process, self-specified | - Results of own modeling - Life Cycle Inventories of Wood as Fuel and Construction Material. In: Final report ecoinvent data v2.0 Dübendorf, CH 2007. - PE International, GaBi database 2008–2013 - Datasheets |
Production of load-bearing reinforced concrete element as the outer part of the cassette systems | Natio: ceiling element-reinforced concrete <e-ep> GLO: reinforcing steel World Steel CN: concrete C30/37 ts | ThinkStep data set 2018: mixing of cement, water and aggregates such as gravel, production mix, at plant, Ökologische Bilanzierung von Baustoffen und Gebäuden, 2000, Eyerer, P.; Reinhardt, H.-W.: Ökologische Bilanzierung von Baustoffen und Gebäuden, Birkhäuser, Zürich 2000, data valid until 2021 ThinkStep data set 2018: blast furnace route and electric arc furnace route, production mix, at plant, World Steel Association 2015–2017 |
Natio: product mixer Nation: wood fiber lightweight concrete for a cassette system | Results of own modeling based on inventory and material composition and [47] |
Index | Indicator | Unit | Description | Indicator ID |
---|---|---|---|---|
Sub-Index | ||||
1. Health and safety | ||||
Sick-leave | Preventive health measures | Cat. | Health measures (e.g., sick-leave analysis, health activities) | I1.1 |
2. Adequate remuneration | ||||
Payment | Payment according to basic wage Average remuneration level | y/n € | Payment off basic wage Average payment per month per full-time employee per total employees | I2.1 I2.2 |
3. Adequate working time | ||||
Working time | Contractual working hours | h | Average contractual working hours per week per full-time employee | I3.1 |
Work–life-balance | Access to flexible working time agreements Rate of part-time employees | % % | Percentage of employees with access to flexible working agreements Number of part-time employees per total employees | I3.2 I3.3 |
4. Employment | ||||
Job conditions | Rate of qualified employees Rate of marginal employees (max 450€) | % % | Percentage of employees with professional training per total employees Percentage of employees earning max. 450€ per total employees | I4.1 I4.2 |
Duration of employment | Rate of fixed-term employees Rate of employees provided by temporary work agencies | % % | Number of fixed-term employees in relation to total employees Number of employees provided by temporary work agencies per total employees | I4.3 I4.4 |
5. Knowledge capital | ||||
On-the-job training | Employees/unity participated in training Support for professional qualification | % y/n | (Qualified) employees/unity participated in training per total employees Assumption of cost or exemption for training programs | I5.1 I5.2 |
Vocational training | Rate of vocational trainees | % | Trainees/total employees | I5.3 |
6. Equal opportunities | ||||
Gender equality | Rate of female employees in management positions Rate of female employees | % % | Percentage of female employees in management positions in relation to all employees in management positions Percentage of female employees in relation to total employees | I6.1 I6.2 |
Indicator | PRP | PRP | PRP |
---|---|---|---|
ID | O1 | O2 | O3 |
I1.1 | 94% yes, 6% no | 94% yes, 6% no | 50% yes, 50% no |
I2.1 I2.2 | 22% yes, 78% no 1016.34 | 21% yes, 79% no 1619.05 | 60% yes, 40% no 2115.34 |
I3.1 | 40.85 | 38.8 | 40.6 |
I3.2 I3.3 | 14% yes, 86% no 42.70% | 52% yes, 48% no 16.67% | 38% yes, 62% no 8.89% |
I4.1 I4.2 | 53.11% 14.29% | 63.39% 5.23% | 75% 0% |
I4.3 I4.4 | 1.62% No data | 6.48% 5.31% | 15.03% 5.64% |
I5.1 I5.2 | 33.44% 39% yes, 61% no | 29.31% 76% yes, 24% no | 17.89% 77% yes, 23% no |
I5.3 | 0.00% | 0.00% | 0.5% |
I6.1 I6.2 | 21% yes, 79% no 39.50% | 21% yes, 79% no 47.62% | No data 41.67% |
Indicator | Values | Values | Values | Scores | Scores | Scores |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
ID | O1 | O2 | O3 | O1 | O2 | O3 |
I1.1 | Yes | Yes | Yes | 5.6 | 5.6 | 7.5 |
I2.1 | Yes | No | No | 8.9 | 2.2 | 2.5 |
I2.2 | 4105 | 1641 | 2192 | 10 | 4.1 | 7.5 |
I3.1 | 40.0 | 38.8 | 37.6 | 6.6 | 9.2 | 10 |
I3.2 | Yes | No | Yes | 9.7 | 2.1 | 10 |
I3.3 | 4.34% | 18.23% | 4.18% | 9.5 | 4.0 | 8.51 |
I4.1 | 96% | 61.7% | 72.2% | 5.4 | 4.3 | 5.36 |
I4.2 | 0.23% | 7.69% | 0% | 9.7 | 4.2 | 10 |
I4.3 | 1.55% | 24.7% | 15.78% | 10 | 1.6 | 5.54 |
I4.4 | 0% | 46.55% | 0 | 5 | 0.3 | 10 |
I5.1 | No data | 40.63% | 13.63% | 7.7 | 2.06 | |
I5.2 | No | Yes | Yes | 3.1 | 6.21 | 6.5 |
I5.3 | 3.25% | 0.00% | 0.2% | 7.7 | 4.8 | 3.82 |
I6.1 | Yes | No | Yes | 9.0 | 4.1 | 7.5 |
I6.2 | 18.28% | 50.0% | 33.33% | 2.0 | 5.3 | 5.67 |
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Bezama, A.; Hildebrandt, J.; Thrän, D. Integrating Regionalized Socioeconomic Considerations onto Life Cycle Assessment for Evaluating Bioeconomy Value Chains: A Case Study on Hybrid Wood–Concrete Ceiling Elements. Sustainability 2021, 13, 4221. https://doi.org/10.3390/su13084221
Bezama A, Hildebrandt J, Thrän D. Integrating Regionalized Socioeconomic Considerations onto Life Cycle Assessment for Evaluating Bioeconomy Value Chains: A Case Study on Hybrid Wood–Concrete Ceiling Elements. Sustainability. 2021; 13(8):4221. https://doi.org/10.3390/su13084221
Chicago/Turabian StyleBezama, Alberto, Jakob Hildebrandt, and Daniela Thrän. 2021. "Integrating Regionalized Socioeconomic Considerations onto Life Cycle Assessment for Evaluating Bioeconomy Value Chains: A Case Study on Hybrid Wood–Concrete Ceiling Elements" Sustainability 13, no. 8: 4221. https://doi.org/10.3390/su13084221