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Sustainability
Volume 13
Issue 5
10.3390/su13052433
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Article

Application of Exact and Multi-Heuristic Approaches to a Sustainable Closed Loop Supply Chain Network Design

by
Abdul Salam Khan
1,
Qazi Salman Khalid
2,*,
Khawar Naeem
2,
Rafiq Ahmad
3,
Razaullah Khan
4,
Waqas Saleem
5 and
Catalin Iulian Pruncu
6,7,*
1
NUST Business School (NBS), National University of Sciences and Technology (NUST), Islamabad 44100, Pakistan
2
Department of Industrial Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology, Peshawar 25100, Pakistan
3
Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 1H9, Canada
4
Department of Mechanical Engineering Technology, University of Technology, Nowshera 24100, Pakistan
5
Department of Mechanical and Manufacturing Engineering, Institute of Technology, F91 YW50 Sligo, Ireland
6
Design, Manufacturing & Engineering Management, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow G1 1XJ, UK
7
Department of Mechanical Engineering, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ, UK
*
Authors to whom correspondence should be addressed.
Sustainability 2021, 13(5), 2433; https://doi.org/10.3390/su13052433
Submission received: 24 January 2021 / Revised: 19 February 2021 / Accepted: 20 February 2021 / Published: 24 February 2021
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Operational Research Tools for Solving Sustainable Engineering Problems)
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Abstract

Closed-loop supply chains (CLSC) are gaining popularity due to their efficiency in addressing economic, environmental, and social concerns. An important point to ponder in the distribution of CLSC is that imperfect refrigeration and bad road conditions may result in product non-conformance during the transit and thus such products are to be returned to the supply node. This may hinder the level of customer satisfaction. This paper presents a sustainable closed-loop supply chain framework coupled with cross-docking subject to product non-conformance. A cost model is proposed to investigate the economic and environmental aspects of such systems. The transportation cost is analyzed in terms of total carbon emissions. A set of metaheuristics are administered to solve the model and a novel lower bound is proposed to relax the complexity of the proposed model. The results of different size problems are compared with the branch and bound approach and the proposed lower bound. The results indicate that the proposed research framework, mathematical model, and heuristic schemes can aid the decision-makers in a closed-loop supply chain context.
Keywords: sustainable logistics scheduling; closed loop supply chain; cross-docking; tabu search; simulated annealing sustainable logistics scheduling; closed loop supply chain; cross-docking; tabu search; simulated annealing

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MDPI and ACS Style

Khan, A.S.; Khalid, Q.S.; Naeem, K.; Ahmad, R.; Khan, R.; Saleem, W.; Pruncu, C.I. Application of Exact and Multi-Heuristic Approaches to a Sustainable Closed Loop Supply Chain Network Design. Sustainability 2021, 13, 2433. https://doi.org/10.3390/su13052433

AMA Style

Khan AS, Khalid QS, Naeem K, Ahmad R, Khan R, Saleem W, Pruncu CI. Application of Exact and Multi-Heuristic Approaches to a Sustainable Closed Loop Supply Chain Network Design. Sustainability. 2021; 13(5):2433. https://doi.org/10.3390/su13052433

Chicago/Turabian Style

Khan, Abdul Salam, Qazi Salman Khalid, Khawar Naeem, Rafiq Ahmad, Razaullah Khan, Waqas Saleem, and Catalin Iulian Pruncu. 2021. "Application of Exact and Multi-Heuristic Approaches to a Sustainable Closed Loop Supply Chain Network Design" Sustainability 13, no. 5: 2433. https://doi.org/10.3390/su13052433

APA Style

Khan, A. S., Khalid, Q. S., Naeem, K., Ahmad, R., Khan, R., Saleem, W., & Pruncu, C. I. (2021). Application of Exact and Multi-Heuristic Approaches to a Sustainable Closed Loop Supply Chain Network Design. Sustainability, 13(5), 2433. https://doi.org/10.3390/su13052433

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