Sex-Specific Habitat Suitability Modeling for Panthera tigris in Chitwan National Park, Nepal: Broader Conservation Implications
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Data and Methods
2.1. Study Area
2.2. Variable Generation and Selection
2.3. Statistical Modeling
2.3.1. Maxent
Model Evaluation
2.3.2. Occupancy Modelling
Model Evaluation
3. Results
3.1. Maxent
3.2. Occupancy
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Dist. to Water | Dist. to Human | Prey | Elevation | % Grass | % Riverine | % Sal | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Dist. to Water | 1 | 0.5241 (2.2 × 10−16) | −0.1143 (0.0443) | 0.6498 (2.2 × 10−16) | −0.3731 (1.12 × 10−11) | −0.3068 (3.49 × 10−8) | 0.5527 (2.2 × 10−16) |
Dist. to Human | 1 | −0.2085 (0.0002) | 0.6694 (2.2 × 10−16) | −0.3320 (2.04 × 10−9) | −0.3310 (2.3 × 10−9) | 0.5152 (2.2 × 10−16) | |
Prey | 1 | −0.1321 (0.0210) | 0.3767 (6.8 × 10−12) | 0.1297 (0.0223) | −0.3447 (4.44 × 10−10) | ||
Elevation | 1 | −0.3310 (3.19 × 10−9) | −0.2877 (3.17 × 10−7) | 0.4819 (2.2 × 10−16) | |||
% Grass | 1 | −0.0269 (0.6359) | −0.7085 (2.2 × 10−16) | ||||
% Riverine | 1 | −0.5686 (2.2 × 10−16) | |||||
% Sal | 1 |
n | Avg. AUC | Standard Deviation | p-Value | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Female | True | 69 | 0.7086 | 0.2486 | 2.72 × 10−14 |
Random | 1000 | 0.5143 | 0.2762 | ||
Male | True | 57 | 0.6692 | 0.2892 | 3.73 × 10−9 |
Random | 1000 | 0.4984 | 0.2572 | ||
Sex-Indiscriminate | True | 108 | 0.6885 | 0.2780 | 2.06 × 10−10 |
Random | 1000 | 0.5041 | 0.2830 |
Models | Habitat Suitability | 0.0–0.3 | 0.3–0.6 | 0.6–0.8 | 0.8–1.0 |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Female | % of study area | 28.1 | 65.4 | 5.9 | 0.5 |
Total area (km2) | 396.5 | 921.8 | 83.3 | 7.5 | |
Male | % of study area | 8.1 | 84.7 | 7.0 | 0.1 |
Total area (km2) | 114.6 | 1193.6 | 99.6 | 1.5 | |
Sex-Indiscriminate | % of study area | 31.9 | 61.4 | 6.0 | 0.6 |
Total area (km2) | 449.6 | 865.6 | 85.6 | 8.4 |
Female | Male | Sex-Indiscriminate | |
---|---|---|---|
Urban | −0.336 | −0.900 | −0.760 |
Sal Forest | −0.175 | −1.594 | −1.087 |
River | −0.023 | 0.480 | 0.221 |
Distance to Water | −0.130 | −0.213 | 0.015 |
Prey Density | 1.588 | 0.949 | 1.572 |
Log Score | AUC | Briers Log | |
---|---|---|---|
Female | 229.72 | 0.75 | 17.33 |
Male | 307.35 | 0.69 | 24.28 |
Sex-Indiscriminate | 482.03 | 0.63 | 47.64 |
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An, L.; Bohnett, E.; Battle, C.; Dai, J.; Lewison, R.; Jankowski, P.; Carter, N.; Ghimire, D.; Dhakal, M.; Karki, J.; et al. Sex-Specific Habitat Suitability Modeling for Panthera tigris in Chitwan National Park, Nepal: Broader Conservation Implications. Sustainability 2021, 13, 13885. https://doi.org/10.3390/su132413885
An L, Bohnett E, Battle C, Dai J, Lewison R, Jankowski P, Carter N, Ghimire D, Dhakal M, Karki J, et al. Sex-Specific Habitat Suitability Modeling for Panthera tigris in Chitwan National Park, Nepal: Broader Conservation Implications. Sustainability. 2021; 13(24):13885. https://doi.org/10.3390/su132413885
Chicago/Turabian StyleAn, Li, Eve Bohnett, Curtis Battle, Jie Dai, Rebecca Lewison, Piotr Jankowski, Neil Carter, Dirgha Ghimire, Maheshwar Dhakal, Jhamak Karki, and et al. 2021. "Sex-Specific Habitat Suitability Modeling for Panthera tigris in Chitwan National Park, Nepal: Broader Conservation Implications" Sustainability 13, no. 24: 13885. https://doi.org/10.3390/su132413885