Life Cycle Impact Assessment of Recycled Aggregate Concrete, Geopolymer Concrete, and Recycled Aggregate-Based Geopolymer Concrete

Imtiaz, Lahiba; Kashif-ur-Rehman, Sardar; Alaloul, Wesam Salah; Nazir, Kashif; Javed, Muhammad Faisal; Aslam, Fahid; Musarat, Muhammad Ali

doi:10.3390/su132413515

Open AccessArticle

Life Cycle Impact Assessment of Recycled Aggregate Concrete, Geopolymer Concrete, and Recycled Aggregate-Based Geopolymer Concrete

by

Lahiba Imtiaz

¹,

Sardar Kashif-ur-Rehman

¹

,

Wesam Salah Alaloul

^2,*

,

Kashif Nazir

³,

Muhammad Faisal Javed

^1,*

,

Fahid Aslam

⁴

and

Muhammad Ali Musarat

²

¹

Department of Civil Engineering, Abbottabad Campus, COMSATS University Islamabad, Abbottabad 22060, Pakistan

²

Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Universiti Teknologi PETRONAS, Bandar Seri Iskandar 32610, Perak, Malaysia

³

Department of Civil Engineering, School of Engineering, Nazabayev University, Astana 010000, Kazakhstan

⁴

Department of Civil Engineering, College of Engineering in Al-Kharj, Prince Sattam Bin Abdulaziz University, Al Kharj 11942, Saudi Arabia

^*

Authors to whom correspondence should be addressed.

Sustainability 2021, 13(24), 13515; https://doi.org/10.3390/su132413515

Submission received: 27 October 2021 / Revised: 23 November 2021 / Accepted: 30 November 2021 / Published: 7 December 2021

(This article belongs to the Section Environmental Sustainability and Applications)

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Abstract

This study presents a life cycle impact assessment of OPC concrete, recycled aggregate concrete, geopolymer concrete, and recycled aggregate-based geopolymer concrete by using the mid-point approach of the CML 2001 impact-assessment method. The life cycle impact assessment was carried out using OpenLCA software with nine different impact categories, such as global warming potential, acidification potential, eutrophication potential, ozone depletion potential, photochemical oxidant formation, human toxicity, marine aquatic ecotoxicity, and freshwater and terrestrial aquatic ecotoxicity potential. Subsequently, a contribution analysis was conducted for all nine impact categories. The analysis showed that using geopolymer concrete in place of OPC concrete can reduce global warming potential by up to 53.7%. Further, the use of geopolymer concrete represents the reduction of acidification potential and photochemical oxidant formation in the impact categories, along with climate change. However, the potential impacts of marine aquatic ecotoxicity, freshwater aquatic ecotoxicity, human toxicity, eutrophication potential, ozone depletion potential, and terrestrial aquatic ecotoxicity potential were increased using geopolymer concrete. The increase in these impacts was due to the presence of alkaline activators such as sodium hydroxide and sodium silicate. The use of recycled aggregates in both OPC concrete and geopolymer concrete reduces all the environmental impacts.

Keywords: life cycle; impact assessment; recycled material; geopolymer concrete; sustainability

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MDPI and ACS Style

Imtiaz, L.; Kashif-ur-Rehman, S.; Alaloul, W.S.; Nazir, K.; Javed, M.F.; Aslam, F.; Musarat, M.A. Life Cycle Impact Assessment of Recycled Aggregate Concrete, Geopolymer Concrete, and Recycled Aggregate-Based Geopolymer Concrete. Sustainability 2021, 13, 13515. https://doi.org/10.3390/su132413515

AMA Style

Imtiaz L, Kashif-ur-Rehman S, Alaloul WS, Nazir K, Javed MF, Aslam F, Musarat MA. Life Cycle Impact Assessment of Recycled Aggregate Concrete, Geopolymer Concrete, and Recycled Aggregate-Based Geopolymer Concrete. Sustainability. 2021; 13(24):13515. https://doi.org/10.3390/su132413515

Chicago/Turabian Style

Imtiaz, Lahiba, Sardar Kashif-ur-Rehman, Wesam Salah Alaloul, Kashif Nazir, Muhammad Faisal Javed, Fahid Aslam, and Muhammad Ali Musarat. 2021. "Life Cycle Impact Assessment of Recycled Aggregate Concrete, Geopolymer Concrete, and Recycled Aggregate-Based Geopolymer Concrete" Sustainability 13, no. 24: 13515. https://doi.org/10.3390/su132413515

APA Style

Imtiaz, L., Kashif-ur-Rehman, S., Alaloul, W. S., Nazir, K., Javed, M. F., Aslam, F., & Musarat, M. A. (2021). Life Cycle Impact Assessment of Recycled Aggregate Concrete, Geopolymer Concrete, and Recycled Aggregate-Based Geopolymer Concrete. Sustainability, 13(24), 13515. https://doi.org/10.3390/su132413515

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Life Cycle Impact Assessment of Recycled Aggregate Concrete, Geopolymer Concrete, and Recycled Aggregate-Based Geopolymer Concrete

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