Farmers’ Perceptions and Willingness of Compost Production and Use to Contribute to Environmental Sustainability
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Research Methodology
2.1. Study Area
2.2. Census Data
2.2.1. Farmers’ Questionnaire
2.2.2. Sampling and Interview Procedures
2.3. Data Analysis
3. Results and Discussions
3.1. Respondents’ Socio-Economic Characteristics
3.2. Respondents’ Agricultural Profile
3.3. Farmers’ Perceptions and Willingness of Production and Compost Use
3.4. Factors Shaping Farmers’ Perceptions and Willingness of Compost Production and Use
4. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Variable | Description | Definition |
---|---|---|
X1 | Gender | Male = 1 |
Female = 2 | ||
X2 | Age (year) | <30 years = 1 |
30–50 years = 2 | ||
>50 years = 3 | ||
X3 | Average household monthly income (MAD) | <MAD 2000 = 1 |
MAD 2000–5000 = 2 | ||
MAD 5000–10,000 = 3 | ||
>MAD 10,000 = 4 | ||
X4 | Level of education | Illiterate = 1 |
Elementary = 2 | ||
Secondary = 3 | ||
Post-secondary/university = 4 | ||
X5 | Number of household members | 1–4 |
4–8 | ||
>8 | ||
X6 | Type of agricultural production | Plant production = 1 |
Animal production = 2 | ||
Mixed plant and animal production = 3 | ||
X7 | Duration of experience (year) | 10 years = 1 |
10–20 years = 2 | ||
>20 years = 3 | ||
X8 | Area of cultivated (ha) | <5 ha = 1 |
5–15 ha = 2 | ||
>15 ha = 3 | ||
X9 | Type of plant production | Cultivating vegetables, legumes and/or grains = 1 |
Growing trees = 2 | ||
X10 | Type of animal production | Poultry farming = 1 |
Livestock raising = 2 | ||
X11 | Farm’s production of plant and/or animal waste | Yes = 1 |
No = 2 | ||
X12 | If the farm produces waste, method waste management | Burn and/or dispose randomly = 1 |
Use as soil fertilizer = 2 | ||
Use as animal feed = 3 | ||
X13 | Kind of fertilizers used | Chemical fertilizers only = 1 |
Compost only = 2 | ||
Chemical fertilizers + compost = 3 | ||
X14 | Use of pesticides | Yes = 1 |
No = 2 | ||
X15 | Knowledge of compost use or production | Yes = 1 |
No = 2 | ||
X16 | Training attained on compost production | Yes = 1 |
No = 2 | ||
X17 | Previous use of compost as a fertilizer | Yes = 1 |
No = 2 | ||
X18 | Previous experience of compost production | Yes = 1 |
No = 2 | ||
X19 | Reasons of not using compost | I do not know about it = 1 |
I do not know how to use it or produce it = 2 | ||
Compost is more expensive than chemical fertilizer = 3 | ||
Inadequate area of agricultural lands = 4 | ||
X20 | Perceptions and Willingness to produce and use compost after receiving training | Yes = 1 |
No = 2 | ||
X22 | In case of experience, perceived economic benefits of compost production | Yes = 1 |
No = 2 |
Variable | Definition | N (%) |
---|---|---|
Gender | Male = 1 | 350 (100) |
Female = 2 | 0 (0) | |
Age (year) | <30 years = 1 | 36 (10.3) |
30–50 years = 2 | 244 (69.7) | |
>50 year = 3 | 70 (20) | |
Level of education | Illiterate = 1 | 141 (40.3) |
Elementary = 2 | 70 (20) | |
Secondary = 3 | 104 (29.7) | |
Post-secondary/university = 4 | 35 (10) | |
Type of agricultural production | Plant production = 1 | 105 (30) |
Animal production = 2 | 158 (50) | |
Mixed plant and animal production = 3 | 87 (20) | |
Duration of experience (year) | 10 years = 1 | 35 (10) |
10–20 years = 2 | 245 (70) | |
>20 years = 3 | 70 (20) |
Description | Definition | N (%) |
---|---|---|
Type of plant production (n = 105) | Cultivating vegetables, legumes and/or grains = 1 | 94.5 (90) |
Growing trees = 2 | 10.5 (10) | |
Type of animal production (n = 150) | Poultry farming = 1 | 15 (10) |
Livestock raising = 2 | 135 (90) | |
Area of cultivated (n = 192) | <5 ha = 1 | 28.8 (15) |
5–15 ha = 2 | 144 (75) | |
>15 ha = 3 | 19.2 (10) | |
Kind of fertilizers used (n = 192) | Chemical fertilizers only = 1 | 172.8 (90) |
Compost only = 2 | 19.2 (10) | |
Chemical fertilizers + compost = 3 | 0 (0) | |
Use of pesticides (n = 192) | Yes = 1 | 172.8 (90) |
No = 2 | 19.2 (10) | |
Farm’s production of plant and/or animal waste (n = 350) | Yes = 1 | 315 (90) |
No = 2 | 35 (10) | |
If the farm produces waste, method waste management (n = 315) | Burn and/or dispose randomly = 1 | 31.5 (10) |
Use as soil fertilizer = 3 | 220.5 (70) | |
Use as animal feed = 4 | 63 (20) |
Description | Definition | N (%) |
---|---|---|
Knowledge of compost use or production (n = 350) | Yes = 1 | 280 (80) |
No = 2 | 70 (20) | |
Training attained on compost production (n = 350) | Yes = 1 | 35 (10) |
No = 2 | 315 (90) | |
Previous use of compost as a fertilizer (n = 350) | Yes = 1 | 0 (0) |
No = 2 | 350 (100) | |
Previous experience of compost production | Yes = 1 | 105 (30) |
No = 2 | 245 (70) | |
In case of experience, perceived economic benefits of compost production (n = 105) | Yes = 1 | 21 (20) |
No = 2 | 84 (80) | |
Reasons of not using compost (n = 80) | I do not know about it = 1 | 56 (70) |
I do not know how to use it or produce it = 2 | 8 (10) | |
Compost is more expensive than chemical fertilizer = 3 | 8 (10) | |
Inadequate area of agricultural lands = 4 | 8 (10) | |
Perceptions and willingness to produce and use compost after receiving training | Yes = 1 | 280 (80) |
No = 2 | 70 (20) |
Factors | Variables | Perceptions and Willingness to Produce and Use Compost | ||
---|---|---|---|---|
M.S. | F | p Value | ||
Socio-economic | Gender | 0.008 | 0.003 | 0.968 ns |
Age | 71.326 | 791.209 | 0.0002 ** | |
Level of education | 71.778 | 8.548 | 0.0039 ** | |
Type of agricultural business | 1338.6864 | 470.536 | <0.0001 *** | |
Duration of experience | 0.875 | 3.026 | 0.0828 ns | |
Agricultural | Type of plant production | 14 | 278.400 | <0.0001 *** |
Type of animal production | 10 | 208.150 | <0.0001 *** | |
area of cultivated | 0.2890 | 3.026 | 0.0828 ns | |
Kind of fertilizers used | 126 | 278.400 | 0.0004 ** | |
Use of pesticides | 190.000 | 471.400 | 0.0007 ** | |
Farm’s production of plant and/or animal waste | 14 | 228.400 | 0.0029 * | |
If the farm produces waste, method of waste management | 105.875 | 765.600 | 0.0020 * | |
Individual | Knowledge of compost use or production | 56 | 310.5 | 0.0030 * |
Training attained on compost production | 0.875 | 9.943 | 0.002 ** | |
Previous use of compost as a fertilizer | 30.625 | 121.304 | 0.0414 * | |
Previous experience of compost production | 7.875 | 56.945 | <0.0001 *** | |
Reasons of not using compost | 14 | 6.187 | 0.013 ** | |
In case of experience perceived economic benefits of compost | 17.225 | 76.598 | <0.0001 *** |
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Majbar, Z.; El Madani, F.-Z.; Khalis, M.; Lahlou, K.; Ben Abbou, M.; Majbar, E.B.; Bourhia, M.; AL-Huqail, A.A.; El Askary, A.; Khalifa, A.S.; et al. Farmers’ Perceptions and Willingness of Compost Production and Use to Contribute to Environmental Sustainability. Sustainability 2021, 13, 13335. https://doi.org/10.3390/su132313335
Majbar Z, El Madani F-Z, Khalis M, Lahlou K, Ben Abbou M, Majbar EB, Bourhia M, AL-Huqail AA, El Askary A, Khalifa AS, et al. Farmers’ Perceptions and Willingness of Compost Production and Use to Contribute to Environmental Sustainability. Sustainability. 2021; 13(23):13335. https://doi.org/10.3390/su132313335
Chicago/Turabian StyleMajbar, Zineb, Fatima-Zahra El Madani, Mohamed Khalis, Kenza Lahlou, Mohamed Ben Abbou, El Batoul Majbar, Mohammed Bourhia, Arwa Abdulkreem AL-Huqail, Ahmad El Askary, Amany S. Khalifa, and et al. 2021. "Farmers’ Perceptions and Willingness of Compost Production and Use to Contribute to Environmental Sustainability" Sustainability 13, no. 23: 13335. https://doi.org/10.3390/su132313335
APA StyleMajbar, Z., El Madani, F.-Z., Khalis, M., Lahlou, K., Ben Abbou, M., Majbar, E. B., Bourhia, M., AL-Huqail, A. A., El Askary, A., Khalifa, A. S., Ouahmane, L., Taleb, M., El Haji, M., & Rais, Z. (2021). Farmers’ Perceptions and Willingness of Compost Production and Use to Contribute to Environmental Sustainability. Sustainability, 13(23), 13335. https://doi.org/10.3390/su132313335