Building Integrated Photovoltaic (BIPV) in Southeast Asian Countries: Review of Effects and Challenges
Abstract
:1. Introduction
1.1. Economic Growth and CO2 Emission
1.2. Climate Conditions in Southeast Asia Countries
2. Building Integrated Photovoltaics (BIPV)
2.1. Application of Building Integrated Photovoltaics
2.2. Technologies of Building Integrated Photovoltaics
2.3. Building Integrated Photovoltaics and Climate Effect
2.3.1. Heating and Cooling Performance of Building Integrated Photovoltaics
2.3.2. Daylighting and Shading, and The Performance of Building Integrated Photovoltaics
2.3.3. Building Integrated Photovoltaics, Environmental Energy Production
3. Current State of Renewable Energy/PV Generated
3.1. Initial Cost of the PV installation in Southeast Asia
3.2. Feed-in Tariff Policies in Southeast Asia Countries
3.3. Government Incentive in Southeast Asia Countries
3.4. Challenges of BIPV Application in Southeast Asia
3.4.1. Climate Challenges
3.4.2. Feed-In Tariff Policies Challenges
4. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
- Tak, S.; Woo, S.; Park, J.; Park, S. Effect of the Changeable Organic Semi-Transparent Solar Cell Window on Building Energy Efficiency and User Comfort. Sustainability 2017, 9, 950. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- IEA. Southeast Asia Energy Outlook 2019; IEA Publications: Paris, France, 2019. [Google Scholar]
- Qiu, C.; Yang, H. Daylighting and overall energy performance of a novel semi-transparent photovoltaic vacuum glazing in different climate zones. Appl. Energy 2020, 276, 115414. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Krawietz, A.S.A. Sustainable Buildings and BIPV: An International Perspective. SETA Network. 2011. Available online: https://www.bre.co.uk/filelibrary/BIPV%202/Silke_Krawietz.pdf (accessed on 11 October 2021).
- Shukla, A.K.; Sudhakar, K.; Baredar, P.; Mamat, R. BIPV in Southeast Asian countries—Opportunities and challenges. Renew. Energy Focus 2017, 21, 25–32. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Shukla, A.K.; Sudhakar, K.; Baredar, P.; Mamat, R. BIPV based sustainable building in South Asian countries. Sol. Energy 2018, 170, 1162–1170. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Zomer, C.; Nobre, A.; Reindl, T.; Rüther, R. Shading analysis for rooftop BIPV embedded in a high-density environment: A case study in Singapore. Energy Build. 2016, 121, 159–164. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Mamat, R.; Sani, M.; Sudhakar, K. Renewable energy in Southeast Asia: Policies and recommendations. Sci. Total Environ. 2019, 670, 1095–1102. [Google Scholar]
- Akbar, A.; Rehman, A.; Ullah, I.; Zeeshan, M.; Alam Afridi, F.E. Unraveling the Dynamic Nexus Between Trade Liberalization, Energy Consumption, CO2 Emissions, and Health Expenditure in Southeast Asian Countries. Risk Manag. Healthc. Policy 2020, 13, 1915. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Asia Pacific Energy Research Centre (A.P.E.R.C). APEC Energy Demand and Supply Outlook, 6th ed.; Asia Pacific Energy Research Centre: Tokyo, Japan, 2016. [Google Scholar]
- Solargis. Weather Data and Software for Solar Power Investments. 2021. Available online: https://solargis.com/ (accessed on 11 October 2021).
- WeatherSpark.com, C.L.V. The Typical Weather Anywhere on Earth. 2020. Available online: https://weatherspark.com/ (accessed on 11 October 2021).
- Shubbak, M.H. Reviews, Advances in solar photovoltaics. Technol. Rev. Pat. Trends 2019, 115, 109383. [Google Scholar]
- Zahedi, A. Solar photovoltaic (PV) energy; latest developments in the building integrated and hybrid PV systems. Renew. Energy 2006, 31, 711–718. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Bloem, J. Evaluation of a PV-integrated building application in a well-controlled outdoor test environment. Build. Environ. 2008, 43, 205–216. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Yun, G.Y.; McEvoy, M.; Steemers, K. Design and overall energy performance of a ventilated photovoltaic façade. Sol. Energy 2007, 81, 383–394. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Yoo, S.-H. Optimization of a BIPV system to mitigate greenhouse gas and indoor environment. Sol. Energy 2019, 188, 875–882. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Huang, M.J.; Eames, P.C.; Norton, B. Phase change materials for limiting temperature rise in building integrated photovoltaics. Solar Energy 2006, 80, 1121–1130. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Charron, R.; Athienitis, A.K. Optimization of the performance of double-facades with integrated photovoltaic panels and motorized blinds. Solar Energy 2006, 80, 482–491. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Fung, T.Y.; Yang, H. Study on thermal performance of semi-transparent building-integrated photovoltaic glazings. Energy Build. 2008, 40, 341–350. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Budhiyanto, A.; Suryabrata, J.A.; Saragih, S. Study of Shading Device Building-Integrated Photovoltaic Performance on Energy Saving; Petra Christian University: Jawa Timur, Indonezia, 2018. [Google Scholar]
- Alim, M.A.; Tao, Z.; Hassan, M.K.; Rahman, A.; Wang, B.; Zhang, C.; Samali, B. Is it time to embrace building integrated Photovoltaics? A review with particular focus on Australia. Solar Energy 2019, 188, 1118–1133. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Mendis, T.; Pathirana, K.; Kumara, W. Optimised Building Integrated Photovoltaic Systems for Utilisation on Facades in the Tropical Climate. 2019. Available online: http://ir.kdu.ac.lk/handle/345/2322 (accessed on 11 October 2021).
- Attoye, D.E.; Hassan, A.; Aoul, K.A.T. A Review on Building Integrated Photovoltaic Façade Customization Potentials. Sustainability 2017, 9, 2287. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Ghazali, A.; Salleh, E.I.; Haw, L.C.; Mat, S.; Sopian, K. Performance and financial evaluation of various photovoltaic vertical facades on high-rise building in Malaysia. Energy Build. 2017, 134, 306–318. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Radhi, H. Energy analysis of façade-integrated photovoltaic systems applied to UAE commercial buildings. Sol. Energy 2010, 84, 2009–2021. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Attoye, D.E.; Adekunle, T.O.; Tabet Aoul, K.A.; Hassan, A.; Attoye, S.O. A conceptual framework for a building integrated photovoltaics (BIPV) educative-communication approach. Sustainability 2018, 10, 3781. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Song, A.; Lu, L.; Liu, Z.; Wong, M.S. A Study of Incentive Policies for Building-Integrated Photovoltaic Technology in Hong Kong. Sustainability 2016, 8, 769. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Kim, A.A.; Reed, D.A.; Choe, Y.; Wang, S.; Recart, C. New building cladding system using independent tilted BIPV panels with battery storage capability. Sustainability 2019, 11, 5546. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Kim, J.H.; Kim, S.M.; Kim, J.T. Experimental Performance of an Advanced Air-Type Photovoltaic/Thermal (PVT) Collector with Direct Expansion Air Handling Unit (AHU). Sustainability 2021, 13, 888. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Corrao, R. Mechanical tests on innovative BIPV façade components for energy, seismic, and aesthetic renovation of high-rise buildings. Sustainability 2018, 10, 4523. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Mesloub, A.; Albaqawy, G.A.; Kandar, M.Z. The OPTIMUM performance of Building Integrated Photovoltaic (BIPV) windows under a semi-arid climate in algerian office buildings. Sustainability 2020, 12, 1654. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Mesloub, A.; Ghosh, A.; Touahmia, M.; Albaqawy, G.; Noaime, E.; Alsolami, B. Performance Analysis of Photovoltaic Integrated Shading Devices (PVSDs) and Semi-Transparent Photovoltaic (STPV) Devices Retrofitted to a Prototype Office Building in a Hot Desert Climate. Sustainability 2020, 12, 10145. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- An, H.J.; Yoon, J.H.; An, Y.S.; Heo, E. Heating and Cooling Performance of Office Buildings with a-Si BIPV Windows Considering Operating Conditions in Temperate Climates: The Case of Korea. Sustainability 2018, 10, 4856. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Peng, C.; Huang, Y.; Wu, Z. Building-integrated photovoltaics (BIPV) in architectural design in China. Energy Build. 2011, 43, 3592–3598. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Lu, L.; Law, K.M. Overall energy performance of semi-transparent single-glazed photovoltaic (PV) window for a typical office in Hong Kong. Renew. Energy 2013, 49, 250–254. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Tian, H.; Zhang, W.; Xie, L.; Wu, Y.; Sun, Y.; Chen, M.; Wang, W.; Wu, X. Study on the Energy Saving Potential for Semi-Transparent PV Window in Southwest China. Energies 2018, 11, 3239. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Ogbeba, J.E.; Hoskara, E. The Evaluation of Single-Family Detached Housing Units in terms of Integrated Photovoltaic Shading Devices: The Case of Northern Cyprus. Sustainability 2019, 11, 593. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Fan, Z.; Yang, Z.; Yang, L. Daylight performance assessment of atrium skylight with integrated semi-transparent photovoltaic for different climate zones in China. Build. Environ. 2021, 190, 107299. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Ismail, A.M.; Ramirez-Iniguez, R.; Asif, M.; Munir, A.B.; Muhammad-Sukki, F. Progress of solar photovoltaic in ASEAN countries: A review. Renew. Sustain. Energy Rev. 2015, 48, 399–412. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Vaka, M.; Walvekar, R.; Rasheed, A.K.; Khalid, M. A review on Malaysia’s solar energy pathway towards carbon-neutral Malaysia beyond Covid’19 pandemic. J. Clean. Prod. 2020, 273, 122834. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Yau, Y.; Lim, K. Energy analysis of green office buildings in the tropics—Photovoltaic system. Energy Build. 2016, 126, 177–193. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Van Vuuren, D.J.; Marnewick, A.L.; Pretorius, J.H.C. Validation of a Simulation-Based Pre-Assessment Process for Solar Photovoltaic Technology Implemented on Rooftops of South African Shopping Centres. Sustainability 2021, 13, 2589. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Zhang, T.; Wang, M.; Yang, H.J.E. A review of the energy performance and life-cycle assessment of building-integrated photovoltaic (BIPV) systems. Energies 2018, 11, 3157. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Aaditya, G.; Mani, M. Climate-responsive integrability of building-integrated photovoltaics. Int. J. Low Carbon Technol. 2013, 8, 271–281. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Chow, T.; Chan, A.; Fong, K.; Lin, Z.; He, W.; Ji, J. Annual performance of building-integrated photovoltaic/water-heating system for warm climate application. Appl. Energy 2009, 86, 689–696. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Fudholi, A.; Sopian, K.; Yazdi, M.H.; Ruslan, M.H.; Ibrahim, A.; Kazem, H.A. Performance analysis of photovoltaic thermal (PVT) water collectors. Energy Convers. Manag. 2014, 78, 641–651. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Bhd, E.S. How Much does a Solar Energy System Cost in Malaysia? 2021. Available online: https://www.nextenergy.my/how-much-does-a-solar-energy-system-cost-in-malaysia/ (accessed on 11 October 2021).
- Ltd., M.P. Why Indonesia Struggles to Tap Its Solar Energy Potential. 2021. Available online: https://www.channelnewsasia.com/climate-change/why-indonesia-struggles-tap-its-solar-energy-potential-1339626 (accessed on 11 October 2021).
- Clissitt, C. Solar Panel Costs 2021. 2021. Available online: https://www.theecoexperts.co.uk/solar-panels/cost (accessed on 11 October 2021).
- Tharakan, P.; Connett, D.; Yeneza, G.; Planas, F.V.; Thukral, K. Crowding in Private Capital to Enable Cambodia’s Clean Energy Evolution. FINANCING CLEAN ENERGY IN DEVELOPING ASIA. 2021. Available online: http://www.indiaenvironmentportal.org.in/files/file/Financing%20Clean%20Energy%20in%20Developing%20Asia.pdf#page=136 (accessed on 11 October 2021).
- Guild, J. Feed-in-tariffs and the politics of renewable energy in Indonesia and the Philippines. Asia Pac. Policy Stud. 2019, 6, 417–431. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Vakulchuk, R.; Chan, H.Y.; Kresnawan, M.R.; Merdekawati, M.; Overland, I.; Sagbakken, H.F.; Yurnaidi, Z. Lao PDR: How to Attract More Investment in Small-Scale Renewable Energy? Norwegian Institute of International Affairs (NUPI): Oslo, Norway,, 2020. [Google Scholar]
- Malik, S.A.; Ayop, A.R. Solar energy technology: Knowledge, awareness, and acceptance of B40 households in one district of Malaysia towards government initiatives. Technol. Soc. 2020, 63, 101416. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Husain, A.A.; Ahmad Phesal, M.H.; Abdul Kadir, M.Z.; Ungku Amirulddin, U.A. Short Review on Recent Solar PV Policies in Malaysia. In E3S Web of Conferences; EDP Sciences: Les Ulis, France, 2020. [Google Scholar]
- Bhunia, P. How the Singapore Government Plans to Boost Solar Power Capacity to 1 Gigawatt Peak beyond 2020 from 140 Megawatt Peak Today. 2017. Available online: https://opengovasia.com/how-the-singapore-government-plans-to-boost-solar-power-capacity-to-1-gigawatt-peak-beyond-2020-from-140-megawatt-peak-today/ (accessed on 11 October 2021).
- Sagulpongmalee, K.; Therdyothin, A.; Nathakaranakule, A. Analysis of feed-in tariff models for photovol-taic systems in Thailand: An evidence-based approach. J. Renew. Sustain. Energy 2019, 11, 045903. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Minh, P.V.; Le Quang, S.; Pham, M.H. The Effect of Retail Electricity Price Levels on the FI Values of Smart-Grid Rooftop Solar Power Systems: A Case Study in the Central Highlands of Vietnam. Sustainability 2021, 13, 3528. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Lan, T.T.; Techato, K.; Jirakiattikul, S. The Challenge of Feed-In-Tariff (FIT) Policies Applied to the Development of Electricity from Sustainable Resources–Lessons for Vietnam. Int. Energy J. 2019, 19, 199–212. [Google Scholar]
- Terabe, S.; Takada, K.; Yai, T. International cooperation in transportation research among East Asian countries: Experience of the Eastern Asia society for transportation studies (EASTS). Case Stud. Transp. Policy 2017, 5, 55–60. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Mahapatra, M.; Upadhyaya, S.; Aviso, S.; Babu, A.; Hutchings, G.; Parida, S. Selection of vaccine strains for serotype O foot-and-mouth disease viruses (2007–2012) circulating in Southeast Asia, East Asia and Far East. Vaccine 2017, 35, 7147–7153. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Mendoza, J.M.F.; Schmid, A.G.; Rivera, X.C.S.; Rieradevall, J.; Azapagic, A. Sustainability assessment of home-made solar cookers for use in developed countries. Sci. Total. Environ. 2019, 648, 184–196. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Pambudi, N.A. Geothermal power generation in Indonesia, a country within the ring of fire: Current status, future development and policy. Renew. Sustain. Energy Rev. 2018, 81, 2893–2901. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Kusumadewi, T.V.; Limmeechokchai, B. CO2 mitigation in residential sector in Indonesia and Thailand: Potential of renewable energy and energy efficiency. Energy Procedia 2017, 138, 955–960. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Riva, F.; Ahlborg, H.; Hartvigsson, E.; Pachauri, S.; Colombo, E. Electricity access and rural development: Review of complex socio-economic dynamics and causal diagrams for more appropriate energy modelling. Energy Sustain. Dev. 2018, 43, 203–223. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Dellano-Paz, F.; Calvo-Silvosa, A.; Antelo, S.I.; Soares, I. Energy planning and modern portfolio theory: A review. Renew. Sustain. Energy Rev. 2017, 77, 636–651. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Ali, Q.; Khan, M.T.I. Dynamics between financial development, tourism, sanitation, renewable energy, trade and total reserves in 19 Asia cooperation dialogue members. J. Clean. Prod. 2018, 179, 114–131. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Narayan, S.; Doytch, N. An investigation of renewable and non-renewable energy consumption and economic growth nexus using industrial and residential energy consumption. Energy Econ. 2017, 68, 160–176. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Ismail, M.S.; Moghavvemi, M.; Mahlia, T.M.I. Techno-economic analysis of an optimized photovoltaic and diesel generator hybrid power system for remote houses in a tropical climate. Energy Convers. Manag. 2013, 69, 163–173. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Humada, A.M.; Aaref, A.M.; Hamada, H.M.; Sulaiman, M.H.; Amin, N.; Mekhilef, S. Modeling and characterization of a grid-connected photovoltaic system under tropical climate conditions. Renew. Sustain. Energy Rev. 2018, 82, 2094–2105. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Ramli, M.A.; Twaha, S. Analysis of renewable energy feed-in tariffs in selected regions of the globe: Lessons for Saudi Arabia. Renew. Sustain. Energy Rev. 2015, 45, 649–661. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
Cambodia | Indonesia | Laos | Malaysia | Singapore | Thailand | Vietnam | Philippines | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Capital City | Phnom Penh | Jakarta | Vientiane | Kuala Lumpur | Singapore | Bangkok | Hanoi | Manila |
Average Solar Radiation, yearly. (2007–2018) | 1500 kWh/m2 | 1168 kWh/m2 | 1314 kWh/m2 | 1022 kWh/m2 | 1580 kWh/m2 | 1241 kWh/m2 | 1296 kWh/m2 | 1703 kWh/m2 |
Sky Condition/Average in the year 2020 | Clear and partly cloudy 49%, overcast and mostly cloudy 51% (Nov–Mar)/overcast and mostly cloudy 92%, clear and partly cloudy 8% (Mar–Nov) | Clear and partly cloudy 37%, overcast and mostly cloudy 63% (May–Oct)/overcast and mostly cloudy 90%, clear and partly cloudy 10% (Oct–May) | Clear and partly cloudy 68%, overcast and mostly cloudy 32% (Oct–Apr)/overcast and mostly cloudy 92%, clear and partly cloudy 8% (Apr–Oct) | Clear and partly cloudy 26%, mostly cloudy 74% (Dec–Mar)/overcast and mostly cloudy 91%, clear and mostly clear 9% (Mar–Dec) | Clear and partly cloudy 24%, mostly cloudy 76% (Jan–Apr)/overcast and mostly cloudy 91%, clear and mostly clear 9% (Apr–Jan) | Clear and partly cloudy 58%, mostly cloudy 42% (Nov–Mar)/overcast and mostly cloudy 93%, clear and mostly clear 7% (Nov–Mar) | Overcast and mostly cloudy 92%, clear and mostly clear 68% lasts for 7 months (Oct–May). | Overcast and mostly cloudy 92% and lasts for almost 7 months (Apr–Nov), and clear and mostly clear 52% lasts for 5 (Nov–Apr). |
Latitude Longitude | 11°33′44.82″ N, 104°54′57.64″ E | 6°12′52.63″ S, 106°50′42.47″ E | 17°58′0.01″ N, 102°36′0″ E | 3°8′28.32″ N, 101°41′11.51″ E | 1°17′22.81″ N, 103°51′0.25″ E | 13°45′14.33″ N, 100°30′5.18″ E | 21°04′31″ N, 105°48′59″ E | 14°36′03″ N, 120°59′03″ E |
Author/Year | Location | Setting Points (Hourly & Daily) | Findings |
---|---|---|---|
Abdelhakim Mesloub, 2020 [34] | Algeria | Heating set-point 21 °C (08:00–17:00) Cooling set-point 24 °C (08:00–17:00) | The appropriate BIPV window design was double-glazing PV modules with medium WWR. The PV significantly minimize the glare index compared to the base model. |
Abdelhakim Mesloub, 2020 [35] | Saudi Arabia | Heating set-point 31.1 °C Cooling set-point 10.6 °C | The PVSDs improved overall energy performance and reduced glare. The PVSD had a conversion efficiency of 20% and was generated. extra energy. |
Changyu Qiu, 2020 [3] | Different climate zones in China | Heating set-point 25 °C Cooling set-point 22 °C | The vacuum PV glazing balanced daylighting availability and visual comfort by providing sufficient daylight. The vacuum glazing leads to additional cooling consumption in the moderate climate zone. The vacuum PV glazing has an energy-saving potential between 35% to 66% depends on the climate zone. |
John Emmanuel Ogbeba, 2019 [38] | Cyprus | ASHRAE Standard 55 | PV openings reduce energy consumption by 50% and cut down up to 400 kWh of energy consumption through the year. PV generates 2800 W, which provides up to 50% of the electricity demand. |
Hao Tian, 2018 [37] | China | Heating set-point 26 °C Cooling set-point 18 °C | STPV windows provide 0.26 kWh/per day, which saves around 30% of building load on a typical sunny day. Energy-saving of STPV windows was predicted with a substantial value of 54% in one of the case studies |
Hyung Jun An, 2018 [34] | Korea | Heating set-point 24°C Cooling set-point 22 °C | Using the BIVP model reduced the heating and cooling loads by 18.2%. The increase in temperature settings affected the reduction of the heating and cooling loads. |
Country | RE (Hydro, Geothermal, Wind) | Solar (PV) |
---|---|---|
Cambodia | 1270 MW | 6 MW |
Indonesia | 6660 MW | 12 MW |
Laos | 4170 MW | 1 MW |
Malaysia | 5470 MW | 182 MW |
Singapore | - | 57 MW |
Thailand | 6023 MW | 1.610 MW |
Vietnam | 46,410 MW | - |
Philippines | 6557 MW | 132 MW |
Country | Targets for Renewable Energy Generation | Policies Related to Renewable Energy | Initial Rate of Feed-in Tariff (USD) | Initial PV Cost for 4 kW PV (USD) |
---|---|---|---|---|
Cambodia [51,60,61] | Increase capacity of hydropower to 2.241 MW by 2020. | Renewable Energy Development Program | $0.091 kWh | - |
Indonesia (Java/East Nusa Tenggara) [8,52,62,63,64,69] | Increase share of new and renewable energy in primary energy supply to reach 23% by 2025 and 31% by 2050. | Energy Law (law no.30) National Energy Implementation Program 2005–2025 | $0.07/kWh/$0.20/kWh | $4800 |
Laos [53,65] | Achieve 30% share of renewables in primary energy supply by 2025. | Rural Electrification Master Plan (REMP) (2010–2020) | - | - |
Malaysia [8,48,54,55,66] | Increase the capacity of renewables to 2.080 MW by 2020 and 4.000 MW by 2030. | Renewable Energy Law (2011) SEDA Law (2011) Feed-in Tariff Scheme (2011) | $0.26/kWh | $3500 |
Singapore [56,67,69] | Increase solar photovoltaic capacity to 350 MW by 2020. | - | - | $13,317 (8 kW) |
Thailand [56,58,68] | Rise in the growth of renewable energy consumption to 30% by 2036; This includes increasing the share of renewables-based power generation capacity to 20.11% and share of renewables in transport fuel consumption to 25.04% by 2036. | Power Development Plan 2010–2013 Renewable and Alternative Energy Development Plan (AEDP 2012–2021) Feed-in Premium (Adder): Feed-in tariff (2007) amended (2009) review rate (2013) | $0.12/kWh | - |
Vietnam [59] | Increase the share of non-hydro renewables-based power generation capacity to 12.5% by 2025 and 21% by 2030. | Government’s Decision No. 37/2011/QD-TTg, Renewable Energy Act (2008) | $0.0935/kWh | - |
Philippines [52,69] | Triple the installed capacity of renewables-based power generation from 2010 level to 15 GW by 2030. | Clean Metering, Renewable Energy Representative Funds, FITs, and Options for Green Energy | $0.17/kWh | $7200 (5 kW) |
Publisher’s Note: MDPI stays neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations. |
© 2021 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).
Share and Cite
Rababah, H.E.; Ghazali, A.; Mohd Isa, M.H. Building Integrated Photovoltaic (BIPV) in Southeast Asian Countries: Review of Effects and Challenges. Sustainability 2021, 13, 12952. https://doi.org/10.3390/su132312952
Rababah HE, Ghazali A, Mohd Isa MH. Building Integrated Photovoltaic (BIPV) in Southeast Asian Countries: Review of Effects and Challenges. Sustainability. 2021; 13(23):12952. https://doi.org/10.3390/su132312952
Chicago/Turabian StyleRababah, Haitham Esam, Azhar Ghazali, and Mohd Hafizal Mohd Isa. 2021. "Building Integrated Photovoltaic (BIPV) in Southeast Asian Countries: Review of Effects and Challenges" Sustainability 13, no. 23: 12952. https://doi.org/10.3390/su132312952
APA StyleRababah, H. E., Ghazali, A., & Mohd Isa, M. H. (2021). Building Integrated Photovoltaic (BIPV) in Southeast Asian Countries: Review of Effects and Challenges. Sustainability, 13(23), 12952. https://doi.org/10.3390/su132312952