Economic Downturns and Land-Use Change: A Spatial Analysis of Urban Transformations in Rome (Italy) Using a Geographically Weighted Principal Component Analysis
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Study Area
2.2. Land-Use Data
2.3. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Urban Expansion
3.2. Comparing Trajectories of Land-Use Change
3.3. Spatial Analysis of Land-Use Trajectories
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Land-Use Trajectory | Number of Patches | Mean Patch Size (ha) | Area on the Total Land-Use Change (%) | Mean P/A Ratio (m−1) | Distance from Rome Center (km) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
2006–2012 | |||||
Brownfield development | |||||
Residential densification | 568 | 1.11 | 7.40 | 0.060 | 31.2 |
Residential extensification | 328 | 0.96 | 3.70 | 0.061 | 27.6 |
Industrialization | 19 | 0.56 | 0.13 | 0.072 | 31.5 |
Greenfield development | |||||
Compact residential expansion | 168 | 0.72 | 1.42 | 0.072 | 28.7 |
Residential sprawl | 3288 | 0.56 | 21.39 | 0.069 | 36.8 |
Industrialization | 984 | 1.60 | 18.41 | 0.067 | 30.9 |
Greening | 229 | 2.28 | 6.13 | 0.053 | 17.5 |
Other trajectories | 2018 | 1.75 | 41.43 | 0.058 | 23.4 |
Total | 7602 | 1.12 | 100.0 | 0.065 | 30.9 |
2012–2018 | |||||
Brownfield development | |||||
Residential densification | 76 | 1.44 | 3.14 | 0.051 | 20.93 |
Residential extensification | 149 | 1.19 | 5.08 | 0.056 | 26.89 |
Industrialization | 8 | 0.40 | 0.09 | 0.125 | 22.68 |
Greenfield development | |||||
Compact residential expansion | 81 | 0.91 | 2.12 | 0.064 | 27.30 |
Residential sprawl | 441 | 0.68 | 8.62 | 0.069 | 31.61 |
Industrialization | 534 | 1.52 | 23.27 | 0.062 | 28.07 |
Greening | 262 | 2.56 | 19.24 | 0.050 | 22.97 |
Other trajectories | 802 | 1.67 | 38.44 | 0.058 | 24.53 |
Total | 2353 | 1.48 | 100.00 | 0.060 | 26.61 |
2006–2012 | 2012–2018 | ||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Comp.1 | Comp.2 | Comp.3 | Comp.4 | Comp.1 | Comp.2 | Comp.3 | Comp.4 | ||
Explained variance (%) | 19.4 | 12.2 | 11.6 | 11.2 | 18 | 14.4 | 11.8 | 11.3 | |
Patch size | 0.38 | 0.47 | |||||||
P/A ratio | −0.36 | −0.39 | −0.47 | ||||||
Distance from Rome center | −0.43 | −0.37 | |||||||
Brownfield development | |||||||||
Residential densification | −0.63 | 0.59 | |||||||
Residential extensification | −0.39 | −0.46 | 0.70 | ||||||
Industrialization | −0.44 | ||||||||
Greenfield development | |||||||||
Compact residential expansion | −0.38 | ||||||||
Residential sprawl | −0.66 | −0.48 | 0.42 | 0.39 | |||||
Industrialization | 0.36 | −0.63 | 0.44 | −0.81 | |||||
Greening | 0.53 | 0.40 | 0.35 | −0.39 |
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Tomao, A.; Mattioli, W.; Fanfani, D.; Ferrara, C.; Quaranta, G.; Salvia, R.; Salvati, L. Economic Downturns and Land-Use Change: A Spatial Analysis of Urban Transformations in Rome (Italy) Using a Geographically Weighted Principal Component Analysis. Sustainability 2021, 13, 11293. https://doi.org/10.3390/su132011293
Tomao A, Mattioli W, Fanfani D, Ferrara C, Quaranta G, Salvia R, Salvati L. Economic Downturns and Land-Use Change: A Spatial Analysis of Urban Transformations in Rome (Italy) Using a Geographically Weighted Principal Component Analysis. Sustainability. 2021; 13(20):11293. https://doi.org/10.3390/su132011293
Chicago/Turabian StyleTomao, Antonio, Walter Mattioli, David Fanfani, Carlotta Ferrara, Giovanni Quaranta, Rosanna Salvia, and Luca Salvati. 2021. "Economic Downturns and Land-Use Change: A Spatial Analysis of Urban Transformations in Rome (Italy) Using a Geographically Weighted Principal Component Analysis" Sustainability 13, no. 20: 11293. https://doi.org/10.3390/su132011293
APA StyleTomao, A., Mattioli, W., Fanfani, D., Ferrara, C., Quaranta, G., Salvia, R., & Salvati, L. (2021). Economic Downturns and Land-Use Change: A Spatial Analysis of Urban Transformations in Rome (Italy) Using a Geographically Weighted Principal Component Analysis. Sustainability, 13(20), 11293. https://doi.org/10.3390/su132011293