Culturally Diverse Street-Level Urban Activities through the Lens of Digital Footprints
Abstract
:1. Introduction
1.1. Streets as the Physical Manifestation of the Socio-Cultural Context
1.2. Digital Footprints for the Study of Urban Phenomena
2. Case Study
3. Sources and Method
3.1. Digital Footprints
3.2. Research Procedure
3.2.1. Delimitation of Study Areas
3.2.2. Online Data Collection and Curation
3.2.3. Offline Site Visits
3.2.4. Data Pre-Processing and Recategorization
- I.
- weekdays morning/afternoon, from 08:00 to 20:00, Friday included;
- II.
- weekdays evening/night, from 20:00 to 07:59, Friday excluded;
- III.
- weekends morning/afternoon, from 08:00 to 20:00, Friday excluded;
- IV.
- weekends evening/night, from 20:00 to 07:59, Friday included.
3.2.5. General and Detailed Approaches to Data
4. Results
4.1. General Approach to Data [GA]
4.2. Detailed Approach to Data [DA]
5. Discussion
6. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Sparkhill (Hall Green) | Shirley East and Shirley West (Aggregated) (Solihull) | |
---|---|---|
Total population (2020 estimate) | 21,650 | 22,770 |
Pop. Density (2020 estimate) | 10,760/km2 | 4648/km2 |
Age group (2020 estimate) | (average) | |
18–64 years | 60% | 57% |
0–17 years | 31% | 23% |
65+ | 9% | 20% |
Total | 100% | 100% |
Ethnic group (census 2011) | ||
White | 12% | 86% |
Asian | 77% | 10% |
Black | 5% | 1% |
Other | 3% | 1% |
Mixed | 3% | 2% |
Total | 100% | 100% |
General Variables | Foursquare | Google Places | |
---|---|---|---|
1. Location | Longitude | Longitude | Longitude |
Latitude | Latitude | Latitude | |
2. Temporal information | Cumulative data on venues | Updated data on registered places | Time the tweet was posted |
3. User-generated data | Venue name | Place name | Tweet text |
Venue address | Place address (vicinity) | - | |
Check-ins | Average place ranking | - | |
Visits | - | - | |
Users | - | - | |
4. Data categorization | Hierarchy of categories and sub-categories | Categories, sub-categories, sub-sub-categories | - |
5. Data ID | Venue ID and URL | Place ID | Tweet ID |
. | Cluster 1 Hall Green | Cluster 2 Solihull | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
2478 Linear Metres | 1745 Linear Metres | ||||
Foursquare venues Demand for urban activities Retrieval date: 30 September 2018 | Average venues/100 linear metres | 1.7 | 4.2 | ||
Categories | |||||
Arts and Entertainment | 2 | 5% | - | - | |
College and University | 2 | 5% | - | - | |
Food | 13 | 32% | 24 | 33% | |
Nightlife Spot | 2 | 5% | 4 | 6% | |
Outdoors and Recreation | 1 | 2% | 1 | 1% | |
Professional and Other Places | 7 | 17% | 10 | 14% | |
Residence | 1 | 2% | - | - | |
Shop and Services | 9 | 22% | 33 | 45% | |
Travel and Transport | 4 | 10% | 1 | 1% | |
Total venues | 41 | 100% | 73 | 100% | |
Google Places places Urban activities on offer Retrieval date: 30 September 2018 | Average places/100 linear metres | 17.2 | 17.1 | ||
Categories | |||||
Arts and Entertainment | 3 | 1% | 2 | 1% | |
College and University | 17 | 4% | 7 | 2% | |
Food | 34 | 8% | 31 | 10% | |
Nightlife Spot | - | - | 6 | 2% | |
Outdoors and Recreation | 15 | 4% | 14 | 5% | |
Professional and Other Places | 75 | 18% | 64 | 22% | |
Shop and Services | 266 | 62% | 161 | 54% | |
Travel and Transport | 17 | 4% | 12 | 4% | |
Residence | - | - | 1 | 0% | |
Total places | 427 | 100% | 298 | 100% | |
Twitter tweets Spatiotemporal patterns of people presence Retrieval period 20 September 2018 to 5 March 2019 | Average tweets/100 linear metres | 1.2 | 5 | ||
Timeframes | |||||
Weekdays Evening (Friday EXCL) | 6 | 21% | 19 | 22% | |
Weekdays Morning (Friday INCL) | 11 | 38% | 16 | 18% | |
Weekends Evening (Friday INCL) | 2 | 7% | 18 | 21% | |
Weekends Morning (Friday EXCL) | 10 | 34% | 34 | 39% | |
Total tweets | 29 | 100% | 87 | 100% | |
Field study collected data | Average field study registers/100 linear metres | 14.3 | 14.1 | ||
-Google Places data points misplaced | 7 | 14 | |||
-Not in Google Places dataset | 44 | 9 | |||
-Could not be found on field visit | 58 | 38 | |||
Total registers collected through field visits | 356 | 246 | 100% |
CL1 (Hall Green) | Users | Check-ins | Visits |
---|---|---|---|
Rangin | 2 | 4 | 4 |
Farahzad Lounge | 5 | 2 | 24 |
Total | 7 | 6 | 28 |
CL2 (Solihull) | |||
Red Lion | 45 | 60 | 93 |
Saracens Head | 126 | 136 | 211 |
The Pump House (Wetherspoon) | 212 | 216 | 509 |
Royal British Legion | 41 | 75 | 126 |
Total | 424 | 487 | 939 |
Cluster 1 (Hall Green) | Cluster 2 (Solihull) | ||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Venue Name | Visits | Check-ins | Users | Main Category | Venue Name | Visits | Check-ins | Users | Main Category | ||
1 | M.Y.Travel & Money Services Ltd | 2844 | 1751 | 407 | Professional and Other Places | 1 | Costa Coffee | 976 | 543 | 323 | Food |
2 | Sparkbrook | 278 | 192 | 86 | Residence | 2 | Nando′s | 339 | 321 | 200 | Food |
3 | Mushtaq′s | 190 | 178 | 35 | Food | 3 | Morrisons Shirley | 367 | 240 | 110 | Shop and Service |
4 | Stratford Road | 170 | 170 | 53 | Travel and Transport | 4 | The Pump House (Wetherspoon) | 509 | 216 | 212 | Nightlife Spot |
5 | Barclays | 173 | 169 | 23 | Shop and Service | 5 | Aldi | 736 | 172 | 209 | Shop and Service |
6 | Sparkhill | 170 | 163 | 46 | Outdoors and Recreation | 6 | Lloyds Bank | 254 | 170 | 86 | Shop and Service |
7 | ShahiNan Kebab | 388 | 113 | 132 | Food | 7 | The Shirley Centre | 239 | 148 | 50 | Professional and Other Places |
8 | Aldi | 239 | 100 | 108 | Shop and Service | 8 | Saracens Head | 211 | 136 | 126 | Nightlife Spot |
9 | Caspian Pizza Complex | 107 | 80 | 25 | Food | 9 | The Gym | 216 | 130 | 42 | Outdoors and Recreation |
10 | Yaqub′s Halal Steak House and Grill | 215 | 63 | 135 | Food | 10 | M&S SimplyFood | 130 | 122 | 54 | Shop and Service |
11 | Hajee′s Spices | 99 | 58 | 68 | Food | 11 | Desco Lounge | 393 | 121 | 201 | Food |
12 | Mighty Q | 54 | 43 | 20 | Shop and Service | 12 | Big John′s | 125 | 106 | 50 | Food |
13 | Faithful Neighbourhood Centre | 36 | 36 | 9 | Professional and Other Places | 13 | NatWest | 156 | 88 | 66 | Shop and Service |
14 | Guru Nanak Gurdwara | 63 | 20 | 38 | Professional and Other Places | 14 | Post Office | 166 | 86 | 74 | Professional and Other Places |
15 | Subway | 105 | 18 | 45 | Food | 15 | Domino′s Pizza | 76 | 76 | 42 | Food |
Cluster 1 Hall Green | Visits | Check-ins | Users | Cluster 2 Solihull | Visits | Check-ins | Users |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Asian Restaurant | 444 | 127 | 173 | Asian Restaurant | 28 | 24 | 22 |
Dipyum | 2 | 2 | 2 | Chop Wok | 10 | 9 | 10 |
Lahore KarahiChopstix | 54 | 12 | 39 | Good Wok | 18 | 15 | 12 |
ShahiNan Kebab | 388 | 113 | 132 | Bistro | 407 | 130 | 208 |
Dessert Shop | 57 | 9 | 37 | Desco Lounge | 393 | 121 | 201 |
Cravings | 57 | 9 | 37 | Parksidebistro | 14 | 9 | 7 |
FastFood Restaurant | 5 | 5 | 5 | Café | 23 | 12 | 19 |
Karachi | 5 | 5 | 5 | Alba Sandwiches | 5 | 5 | 4 |
Indian Restaurant | 25 | 19 | 17 | CoffeeRoaster | 18 | 7 | 15 |
Bab-E-Khyber | 2 | 2 | 2 | Coffee Shop | 985 | 550 | 329 |
Deepalis | 23 | 17 | 15 | Costa Coffee | 976 | 543 | 323 |
Pakistani Restaurant | 289 | 236 | 103 | KairosCoffee | 9 | 7 | 6 |
Hajee′sSpices | 99 | 58 | 68 | Fast Food Restaurant | 186 | 163 | 84 |
Mushtaq′s | 190 | 178 | 35 | Big John′s | 125 | 106 | 50 |
Pizza Place | 107 | 80 | 25 | Shirley Kebab House | 61 | 57 | 34 |
Caspian Pizza Complex | 107 | 80 | 25 | North IndianRestaurant | 114 | 103 | 60 |
Sandwich Place | 105 | 18 | 45 | DosaVillage | 2 | 2 | 1 |
Subway | 105 | 18 | 45 | Indico Street Kitchen& Bar | 7 | 6 | 6 |
Steakhouse | 221 | 69 | 140 | Oasis Restaurant | 30 | 23 | 24 |
G3 Steak& Grill | 6 | 6 | 5 | Shah′sBistro | 9 | 9 | 4 |
Yaqub′s Halal Steak House & Grill | 215 | 63 | 135 | ShaplaTandorri | 66 | 63 | 25 |
Total | 1253 | 563 | 545 | Italian Restaurant | 76 | 57 | 46 |
Little Italy | 23 | 13 | 13 | ||||
Prezzo | 53 | 44 | 33 | ||||
Pizza Place | 160 | 145 | 82 | ||||
Domino′s Pizza | 76 | 76 | 42 | ||||
perfetto pizza | 7 | 7 | 3 | ||||
PizzaExpress | 77 | 62 | 37 | ||||
Portuguese Restaurant | 339 | 321 | 200 | ||||
Nando′s | 339 | 321 | 200 | ||||
SandwichPlace | 132 | 48 | 74 | ||||
Subway | 132 | 48 | 74 | ||||
Turkish Restaurant | 146 | 39 | 78 | ||||
Istanbul Restaurant | 146 | 39 | 78 | ||||
Vegetarían/Vegan Restaurant | 14 | 13 | 7 | ||||
Falafel Munch | 14 | 13 | 7 | ||||
Total | 2610 | 1605 | 1209 |
Cluster 1 Hall Green | Total Venues | Visits | Check-ins | Users | Cluster 2 Solihull | Total Venues | Visits | Check-ins | Users |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Bank | 1 | 173 | 169 | 23 | Bank | 7 | 691 | 390 | 275 |
Convenience Store | 1 | 54 | 43 | 20 | Food and Drink Shop | 5 | 206 | 168 | 106 |
Furniture/Home Store | 1 | 25 | 4 | 18 | Shopping Mall | 1 | 79 | 72 | 26 |
Food and Drink Shop | 1 | 6 | 6 | 5 | Salon/Barbershop | 4 | 76 | 51 | 24 |
Pharmacy | 1 | 3 | 3 | 2 | Sporting Goods Shop | 1 | 30 | 22 | 20 |
Betting Shop | 1 | 2 | 2 | 2 | Gift Shop | 1 | 29 | 29 | 12 |
Clothing Store | 1 | 2 | 2 | 2 | Optical Shop | 1 | 25 | 24 | 11 |
Smoothie Shop | 1 | 2 | 2 | 2 | Auto Dealership | 1 | 18 | 17 | 12 |
Bridal Shop | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | Furniture/Home Store | 2 | 17 | 13 | 9 |
Total | 9 | 268 | 232 | 75 | Clothing Store | 1 | 14 | 13 | 7 |
Pharmacy | 1 | 12 | 11 | 1 | |||||
Convenience Store | 2 | 11 | 11 | 9 | |||||
Thrift/Vintage Store | 1 | 3 | 3 | 2 | |||||
Photography Lab | 1 | 3 | 3 | 2 | |||||
Miscellaneous Shop | 1 | 2 | 2 | 1 | |||||
Mobile Phone Shop | 1 | 2 | 2 | 1 | |||||
Real Estate Office | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | |||||
Shoe Repair | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | |||||
Total | 33 | 1220 | 833 | 520 |
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Martí, P.; Serrano-Estrada, L.; Aboutorabi, M. Culturally Diverse Street-Level Urban Activities through the Lens of Digital Footprints. Sustainability 2021, 13, 11141. https://doi.org/10.3390/su132011141
Martí P, Serrano-Estrada L, Aboutorabi M. Culturally Diverse Street-Level Urban Activities through the Lens of Digital Footprints. Sustainability. 2021; 13(20):11141. https://doi.org/10.3390/su132011141
Chicago/Turabian StyleMartí, Pablo, Leticia Serrano-Estrada, and Mohsen Aboutorabi. 2021. "Culturally Diverse Street-Level Urban Activities through the Lens of Digital Footprints" Sustainability 13, no. 20: 11141. https://doi.org/10.3390/su132011141
APA StyleMartí, P., Serrano-Estrada, L., & Aboutorabi, M. (2021). Culturally Diverse Street-Level Urban Activities through the Lens of Digital Footprints. Sustainability, 13(20), 11141. https://doi.org/10.3390/su132011141