Water-Energy-Food-Climate Nexus in an Integrated Peri-Urban Wastewater Treatment and Reuse System: From Theory to Practice
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Description of the WWTP and Peri-Urban Area
2.2. Nexus Approach
2.3. Energy Footprint
2.4. Carbon Footprint Assessment
2.5. Water Footprint
2.6. Water Reuse
2.7. Assessment of Water Reuse Scenarios
2.7.1. Non-Reuse Scenario
2.7.2. Reuse Scenarios
3. Results
Benefits and Applications from Reuse Scenarios
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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ENERGY EFFICIENCY | WTEI |
---|---|
A | X < 0.110 |
B | 0.110 ≤ X < 0.220 |
C | 0.220 ≤ X < 0.330 |
D | 0.330 ≤ X < 0.440 |
E | 0.440 ≤ X < 0.550 |
F | 0.550 ≤ X < 0.775 |
G | X ≥ 0.775 |
Parameter | Unit | Corn | Carrot | Tomato |
---|---|---|---|---|
Crop productivity | ton/ha | 10 | 50 | 100 |
Nutrient demand—N | kg N/ha | 135–235 | 150 | 250 |
Nutrient demand—P | kg P/ha | 58–80 | 70 | 65 |
Emissions/Carbon sequestration | tonCO2e/ha | 3.52 | 2.27 | 2.11 |
Crop water demand | m3/ha | 5000 | 5200 | 5400 |
Expected revenue | €/kg | 0.26 | 0.48 | 0.78 |
Parameter | Unit | Non Reuse | Reuse Class C | Reuse Class B | Reuse Class A |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
E.coli | CFU/100 mL | 5000 | 1000 | 100 | 10 |
Biochemical Oxygen Demand (BOD5) | mg/L | 25 | 25 | 25 | 10 |
Total Suspended Solids (TSS) | mg/L | 35 | 35 | 35 | 10 |
Turbidity | NTU | - | - | - | 5 |
Irrigated crop | - | - | Corn | Corn | Corn-Tomato-Carrot |
Irrigation method | - | - | Drip irrigation | All irrigation methods | All irrigation methods |
Category | Unit | Non-Reuse | Reuse Class C | Reuse Class B | Reuse Class A |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Energy footprint | MWh/y | 16,374 | 15,196 | 15,427 | 16,121 |
Carbon footprint | tonCO2eq/y | 24,505 | 23,849 | 23,952 | 24,260 |
Treated wastewater | millions of m3/y | 25.9 | |||
Nutrients in the wastewater effluent | mgN/L | 7.8 | |||
mgP/L | 0.6 |
GHG Emission Category | Unit | Value | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Biogenic emission due to WWTP operation | tonCO2eq/y | 7278 | |||
Transport | tonCO2eq/y | 66 | |||
Use of chemicals | tonCO2e/y | 2787 | |||
Dissolved gases in the effluent | tonCO2eq/y | 6937 | |||
Waste management (production of defecation gypsum from sludge) | tonCO2eq/y | 753 | |||
Energy consumption for WWTP operation | tonCO2eq/y | 4718 | |||
Disinfection | tonCO2eq/y | Chemical | UV-Class C | UV-Class B | UV-Class A |
1451 | 795 | 898 | 1206 |
Stage | Treatment Unit | Unit | Value | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Stage 1 | Pre-treatments | kWh/m3 | 0.101 | |||
Stage 2 | Primary treatment | kWh/kg TSS rem | 0.646 | |||
Stage 3 | Secondary treatment | kWh/kg TPE | 0.535 | |||
Stage 4 | Disinfection | kWh/(m3 logred) | Chemical | UV-Class C | UV-Class B | UV-Class A |
0.025 | 0.011 | 0.012 | 0.013 | |||
Stage 5 | Sludge treatment | kWh/kg TSE | 0.223 | |||
WWTP | WTEI | - | 0.719 | 0.686 | 0.686 | 0.691 |
Global efficiency | - | F | F | F | F |
Crop | Water Quality Class | Saved Energy (MWh/y) | Reduced GHG Emission (ton-CO2eq/y) | Recovered Water (Millions of m3/y) | Recovered Nitrogen (kg N/y) | Recovered Phosphorus (kg P/y) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Corn | C | 1178 | 656 | 17.8 | 139,140 | 10,703 |
Carrot | A | 253 | 245 | 19.1 | 149,026 | 11,464 |
Tomato | A | 253 | 245 | 19.8 | 154,450 | 11,881 |
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Marinelli, E.; Radini, S.; Akyol, Ç.; Sgroi, M.; Eusebi, A.L.; Bischetti, G.B.; Mancini, A.; Fatone, F. Water-Energy-Food-Climate Nexus in an Integrated Peri-Urban Wastewater Treatment and Reuse System: From Theory to Practice. Sustainability 2021, 13, 10952. https://doi.org/10.3390/su131910952
Marinelli E, Radini S, Akyol Ç, Sgroi M, Eusebi AL, Bischetti GB, Mancini A, Fatone F. Water-Energy-Food-Climate Nexus in an Integrated Peri-Urban Wastewater Treatment and Reuse System: From Theory to Practice. Sustainability. 2021; 13(19):10952. https://doi.org/10.3390/su131910952
Chicago/Turabian StyleMarinelli, Enrico, Serena Radini, Çağrı Akyol, Massimiliano Sgroi, Anna Laura Eusebi, Gian Battista Bischetti, Adriano Mancini, and Francesco Fatone. 2021. "Water-Energy-Food-Climate Nexus in an Integrated Peri-Urban Wastewater Treatment and Reuse System: From Theory to Practice" Sustainability 13, no. 19: 10952. https://doi.org/10.3390/su131910952