Durability of Sustainable Ceramics Produced by Alkaline Activation of Clay Brick Residue
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Materials
2.2. Formulation of the Granulometric Compositions
2.3. Characterization of the Red Ceramic Residue and Activated Samples
2.4. Alkaline Activation, Curing Times, and Preparation of the Samples
2.5. Durability of Samples after Alkaline Activation
3. Results and Discussion
3.1. Amount of Water and Consistency Index
3.2. Curing Temperature and Alkaline Activators Concentration Influence on Flexural Strength
3.3. Characterization of the Compositions
3.4. Durability of Activated Samples
4. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Formulations | Fractions (%) | ||
---|---|---|---|
#40 | #80 | #200 | |
C1 | 100 | 0 | 0 |
C2 | 0 | 100 | 0 |
C3 | 0 | 0 | 100 |
C4 | 50 | 50 | 0 |
C5 | 50 | 0 | 50 |
C6 | 0 | 50 | 50 |
C7 | 33.33 | 33.33 | 33.33 |
C8 | 68 | 16 | 16 |
C9 | 16 | 68 | 16 |
C10 | 16 | 16 | 68 |
Conditions | Temperature (°C) | Concentration (g/100 g) | ||
---|---|---|---|---|
NaOH | KOH | Na2SO3 | ||
1 | 21.8 | 9.0 | 14.0 | 30.0 |
2 | 30 | 6.0 | 9.0 | 20.0 |
3 | 30 | 12.0 | 19.0 | 40.0 |
4 | 50 | 4.77 | 6.93 | 16.0 |
5 | 50 | 9.0 | 14.0 | 30.0 |
6 | 50 | 13.23 | 21.07 | 44.1 |
7 | 70 | 6.0 | 9.0 | 20.0 |
8 | 70 | 12.0 | 19.0 | 40.0 |
9 | 78.2 | 9.0 | 14.0 | 30.0 |
Samples | Processing Conditions | Cure Type | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Activator | 1 C, g/100 g | T, °C | 3d | 5d | 4dE + 1d | |
FS Value 2 | ||||||
RNa | NaOH | 11.08 | 75 | 1.03–1.88 | 2.33–3.18 | 1.64–2.16 |
RK | KOH | 17.13 | 75 | 0.66–1.52 | 1.44–3.22 | 1.10–1.96 |
RNaS | Na2SiO3 | 33.04 | 55 | - | 10.41–14.96 | - |
Samples | Oxides (wt%) | ||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
SiO2 | Al2O3 | Fe2O3 | Na2O | K2O | MgO | CaO | TiO2 | Other | |
RCR | 51.2 | 26.1 | 9.7 | 1.0 | 3.8 | 3.2 | 1.7 | 1.0 | 1.0 |
RNa | 46.4 | 23.2 | 10.0 | 11.5 | 3.7 | 1.8 | 1.7 | 1.0 | 0.7 |
RK | 44.3 | 21.9 | 10.3 | - | 18.1 | 2.1 | 1.8 | 1.2 | 0.3 |
RNaS | 48.5 | 24.7 | 10.9 | 5.6 | 3.9 | 2.5 | 1.9 | 1.1 | 0.9 |
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Costa, F.P.d.; Bezerra, I.M.T.; Fernandes, J.V.; Rodrigues, A.M.; Menezes, R.R.; Neves, G.d.A. Durability of Sustainable Ceramics Produced by Alkaline Activation of Clay Brick Residue. Sustainability 2021, 13, 10931. https://doi.org/10.3390/su131910931
Costa FPd, Bezerra IMT, Fernandes JV, Rodrigues AM, Menezes RR, Neves GdA. Durability of Sustainable Ceramics Produced by Alkaline Activation of Clay Brick Residue. Sustainability. 2021; 13(19):10931. https://doi.org/10.3390/su131910931
Chicago/Turabian StyleCosta, Fabiana Pereira da, Izabelle Marie Trindade Bezerra, Jucielle Veras Fernandes, Alisson Mendes Rodrigues, Romualdo Rodrigues Menezes, and Gelmires de Araújo Neves. 2021. "Durability of Sustainable Ceramics Produced by Alkaline Activation of Clay Brick Residue" Sustainability 13, no. 19: 10931. https://doi.org/10.3390/su131910931