Dialectical Tensions of Sustainability and Health during the COVID-19 Pandemic: A Tale from Latin America
Abstract
:1. Introduction
“Brazil is the country with the world’s second-highest national death toll with more than 226,300 fatalities, and Mexico is number three with at least 159,100 deaths. As a percentage of the population, Peru is hardest hit with 125 deaths per 100,000 people, followed by Mexico and Panama with 123 each per 100,000.”
2. Materials and Methods: Conceptual and Analytical Frame
3. Results: Dialectical Tensions of Sustainability and Health
3.1. Health-Economy Tension
3.2. Isolation and Interconnectedness of Health Management Tension
3.3. Access to and Excess of Information in a Pandemic Tension
4. Discussion: Health as a Fourth Pillar of Sustainability
5. Implications
6. Conclusions, Limitations and Future Research
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Economic | Human Development | ||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Country | Population (2018) 1 | GDP 2018 (Millions US) 2 | % Informality 3 | MPI (0–1) 4 | Health Investment as % GDP (2014) 8 | # Hospital Beds × 1000 Inhabitants 5 | Position (2018) 6 | Gender Gap Index (2020) 7 | |
Public | Private | ||||||||
Argentina | 4,449,450,000 | 51,987,152 | 9.2% (2018) | N/A | 2.7 | 2.1 | 0.5 (2014) | 48 | 0.746 |
Belice | 383,071 | 187,120 | 6.6% (2017) | 0.017 (2015–2016) | 3.9 | 1.9 | 1.5 (2014) | 103 | 0.671 |
Bolivia | 1,135,314,000 | 4,028,765 | 3.5% (2018) | 0.094 (2008) | 4.6 | 1.8 | 1.3 (2014) | 114 | 0.734 |
Brazil | 20,946,932,000 | 188,548,253 | 11.9% (2019) | 0.016(2015) | 3.8 | 4.5 | 2.2 (2014) | 79 | 0.691 |
Chile | 1,872,916,600 | 29,823,113 | 7.3% (2019) | N/A | 3.9 | 3.9 | 2.2 (2013) | 42 | 0.723 |
Colombia | 4,966,105,600 | 33,104,704 | 10% (2019) | 0.021 (2015–2016) | 5.4 | 1.8 | 1.5 (2014) | 79 | 0.758 |
Costa Rica | 499,944,000 | 6,013,011 | 11.5% (2019) | N/A | 6.8 | 2.6 | 1.2 (2015) | 68 | 0.782 |
Ecuador | 1,708,436,000 | 10,839,806 | 3.8% (2018) | 0.018 (2013–2014) | 4.5 | 4.7 | 1.5 (2013) | 85 | 0.729 |
El Salvador | 642,074,000 | 2,605,700 | 4.0% (2018) | 0.033 (2014) | 4.5 | 2.3 | 1.3 (2014) | 124 | 0.706 |
Guatemala | 1,724,781,000 | 7,846,045 | 2.5% (2017) | 0.134 (2014–2015) | 2.3 | 3.9 | 0.6 (2014) | 126 | 0.666 |
Honduras | 958,752,200 | 2,402,419 | 5.6% (2018) | 0.090 (2011–2012) | 4.4 | 4.3 | 0.7 (2014) | 132 | 0.722 |
México | 12,619,079,000 | 122,069,948 | 3.5% (2019) | 0.025 (2016) | 3.3 | 3.0 | 1.5 (2015) | 76 | 0.754 |
Nicaragua | 646,551,000 | 1,306,387 | 4.5% (2014) | 0.074 (2011–2012) | 5.1 | 3.9 | 0.9 (2014) | 126 | 0.804 |
Panamá | 417,687,000 | 6,505,510 | 3.9% (2018) | N/A | 5.9 | 2.2 | 2.3 (2013) | 67 | 0.730 |
Paraguay | 695,607,000 | 4,049,695 | 6.6% (2019) | 0.019 (2016) | 4.5 | 5.3 | 1.3 (2011) | 98 | 0.683 |
Perú | 3,198,926,000 | 22,204,497 | 6.4% (2019) | 0.052 (2012) | 3.3 | 2.2 | 1.6 (2014) | 82 | 0.714 |
Uruguay | 344,930,000 | 5,959,689 | 9.4% (2019) | N/A | 6.1 | 2.5 | 2.8 (2014) | 57 | 0.737 |
Venezuela | 2,887,019,000 | 48,235,932 | 6.6% (2012) | N/A | 1.5 | 3.7 | 0.8 (2014) | 96 | 0.713 |
ECLAC | ECLAC | OWID | |
---|---|---|---|
Country | Vaccination Plan | Vaccines Already Being Distributed (III-2021) | Vaccination Doses Administered per 100 People 8 March 2021 |
Argentina | x | x | 3.42 |
Belice | x | x | 0.25 |
Bolivia | x | x | 0.96 |
Brazil | x | x | 5.15 |
Chile | x | x | 25.89 |
Colombia | x | x | 0.62 |
Costa Rica | x | x | 3.79 |
Ecuador | No reports | x | 0.42 |
El Salvador | x | x | (25 February) 0.25 |
Guatemala | x | x | (1 March) 0.01 |
Honduras | x | x | (28 February) 0.03 |
México | x | x | 2.21 |
Nicaragua | x | x | No info |
Panamá | x | x | 4.91 |
Paraguay | x | x | (7 March) 0.02 |
Perú | x | x | (7 March) 1.15 |
Uruguay | No reports | x | 2.90 |
Venezuela | No reports | x | (4 March) 0.04 |
Country | Date First Case Confirmed—2020 | Action Taken (1)-Date | Days after the First Case Was Confirmed (1) |
---|---|---|---|
Argentina | 3 March | Compulsory Lockdown started 20 March | 17 |
Belice | 23 March | National State of emergency/Curfew (20h00 to 04h59) declared 1 May | 38 |
Bolivia | 11 March | Compulsory Lockdown started 22 March | 11 |
Brazil | 25 February | Voluntary lockdown started 17 March | 21 |
Chile | 3 March | Partial compulsory lockdown started 19 March | 16 |
Colombia | 6 March | Compulsory national lockdown started 25 March | 19 |
Costa Rica | 5 March | Voluntary national lockdown started 15 March | 10 |
Ecuador | 29 February | Compulsory National Lockdown plus curfew started 17 March | 17 |
El Salvador | 19 March | Compulsory National Lockdown plus curfew started 21 March | 2 |
Guatemala | 13 March | Partial lockdown started 22 March | 9 |
Honduras | 11 March | Compulsory National Lockdown plus curfew started 20 March | 9 |
México | 28 February | Voluntary lockdown started 30 March | 31 |
Nicaragua | 19 March | No lockdown was declared | - |
Panamá | 10 March | Compulsory National Lockdown plus curfew started 25 March | 15 |
Paraguay | 7 March | Voluntary lockdown with curfew started 30 March | 23 |
Perú | 6 March | Compulsory National Lockdown plus curfew started 16 March | 10 |
Uruguay | 13 March | Voluntary lockdown started 13 March | 0 |
Venezuela | 13 March | Compulsory National Lockdown plus curfew started 17 March | 4 |
Country | Restrictions or Prohibition on the Entry of Foreign Travelers | Border Closures and Controls | Border Controls | Restriction or Closure of Public Places and Mass Gatherings | Other | Total Movements across and within Countries |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Argentina | 2 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 5 | |
Belize | 3 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 2 | 17 |
Bolivia | 1 | 1 | 2 | 5 | 9 | |
Brazil | 6 | 2 | 1 | 6 | 4 | 19 |
Chile | 2 | 9 | 5 | 19 | 1 | 36 |
Colombia | 2 | 3 | 2 | 1 | 8 | |
Costa Rica | 2 | 3 | 5 | 10 | 5 | 25 |
Ecuador | 1 | 2 | 3 | 1 | 7 | |
Guatemala | 2 | 1 | 1 | 2 | 9 | 15 |
Honduras | 2 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 5 | |
Mexico | 1 | 1 | 2 | |||
Nicaragua | 1 | 1 | 2 | |||
Panamá | 3 | 2 | 1 | 6 | ||
Perú | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 4 | |
Paraguay | 1 | 2 | 6 | 9 | ||
San Salvador | 2 | 3 | 2 | 8 | 1 | 16 |
Uruguay | 1 | 5 | 1 | 1 | 8 | |
Venezuela | 1 | 1 | 1 | 3 | 2 | 8 |
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Angel, A.; Marroquin-Velasquez, L.; Idrovo, S. Dialectical Tensions of Sustainability and Health during the COVID-19 Pandemic: A Tale from Latin America. Sustainability 2021, 13, 7387. https://doi.org/10.3390/su13137387
Angel A, Marroquin-Velasquez L, Idrovo S. Dialectical Tensions of Sustainability and Health during the COVID-19 Pandemic: A Tale from Latin America. Sustainability. 2021; 13(13):7387. https://doi.org/10.3390/su13137387
Chicago/Turabian StyleAngel, Adriana, Lissette Marroquin-Velasquez, and Sandra Idrovo. 2021. "Dialectical Tensions of Sustainability and Health during the COVID-19 Pandemic: A Tale from Latin America" Sustainability 13, no. 13: 7387. https://doi.org/10.3390/su13137387
APA StyleAngel, A., Marroquin-Velasquez, L., & Idrovo, S. (2021). Dialectical Tensions of Sustainability and Health during the COVID-19 Pandemic: A Tale from Latin America. Sustainability, 13(13), 7387. https://doi.org/10.3390/su13137387