1. Introduction
The 19th CPC National Congress report pointed out that innovation is the driving force for the long-term development of the world economy and the strategic support for constructing a modern economic system. As the backbone of technological innovation in China, the full release of innovation vitality of enterprises is an important guarantee for the acquisition of core competitiveness [
1], and an essential condition for the in-depth implementation of innovation-driven development strategy by the country. How to effectively promote enterprise innovation has aroused the common concern of the academic community and the industry.
Existing studies focus on financing constraints [
2,
3], intellectual property rights protection [
4], manager traits [
5,
6,
7], corporate governance [
8], tolerance of failure [
7,
9], incentives for core R&D personnel [
10], macro policies [
11], institutional environment [
12] and regional differences [
13,
14] and other multiple perspectives, made an in-depth study on the problem of enterprise technological innovation. However, as the cornerstone of an enterprise’s long-term development and the essence of an enterprise’s technological innovation, corporate social responsibility (CSR) is often ignored.
More and more enterprises have realized the strategic significance of fulfilling social responsibility [
15,
16,
17], Especially large listed companies [
18]. Taking CSR is not only a kind of “responsibility and obligation”, but also an essential path for enterprises to establish and adjust the relationship between enterprises and various stakeholders to optimize information channels, deepen mutual trust, promote friendly cooperation and enhance enterprise creativity [
15,
17,
18,
19,
20].
At present, more and more enterprises consider CSR attributes (such as the production of low-carbon energy-saving products and sustainable development) in the process of technological innovation in order to enhance their competitiveness [
21,
22], catering to changing market needs [
23]. Therefore, it is of great practical significance to study the internal logical relationship and mechanism between CSR and innovation capability to realize the high integration of responsibility and innovation.
The relationship between CSR and technological innovation have aroused wide attention in academic circles. Many scholars have actively explored the relationship between CSR and technological innovation from different perspectives (resource-based view, social network theory, and stakeholder theory). On the one hand, some scholars believe that when enterprises fulfill their social responsibilities for the community and customers, they can affect organizational performance and promote innovation [
24], which reflects that the fulfillment of social responsibilities can meet the external expectations of stakeholders and play a positive role in promoting product advantages and strategic innovation [
22,
25,
26,
27,
28]. On the other hand, some scholars have put forward the idea that the fulfillment of corporate social responsibility may crowd out the funds of technological innovation, resulting in unnecessary and ineffective opportunity costs and making it more challenging to obtain innovation resource feedback [
28,
29,
30]. It can be seen that there are still some disputes about how social responsibility affects corporate innovation. This paper hopes to further verify and explain.
The fulfillment of social responsibility and the realization of firm innovation are inseparable from resource support and financing channels, and Venture Capital (VC) has become the preferred financing channel for more and more enterprises at present [
31,
32]. Therefore, it is worth further study whether CSR on innovation will be affected after VC participation. Many scholars believe that VC can provide financial financing and professional guidance by participating in corporate governance activities, empower enterprises with information advantages and enhance enterprises’ creativity and insight [
33,
34,
35,
36,
37]. However, some scholars have proposed that VC may produce the grasping effect that will weaken the innovation ability of the firm, which is easy to induce short-sighted behavior, agency conflict, and moral hazard [
38,
39,
40]. Therefore, what kind of impact VC will bring to CSR and technological innovation is in urgent need of research.
Compared to existing literature, the marginal contribution of this paper is as follows. First, previous articles on enterprise innovation primarily focus on A-share mainboard companies as the research object, focusing on macro and micro factors affecting enterprise innovation and organizational performance. Focusing on GEM-listed companies, this paper investigates the influence mechanism of CSR fulfillment on technological innovation under the strategic background of “responsibility-driven innovation and innovation-led development”. It enriches the theoretical research on technological innovation of start-up enterprises by combining it with the actual fulfillment of social responsibility of domestic start-ups. Secondly, existing studies have focused on the relationship between CSR and technological innovation, but the conclusion has not yet been reached. From the liability of shareholders, employees, suppliers, and customers and consumer rights responsibility, environmental responsibility and social responsibility of a comprehensive corporate social responsibility in five dimensions, influence on technology innovation, a more comprehensive and in-depth analysis of CSR for the impact of technology innovation mechanism, has carried on the beneficial supplement of past research. Finally, the existing literature primarily focuses on the impact of VC on corporate innovation or the impact of VC on CSR. However, it seldom pays attention to the moderating effect of VC on CSR and technological innovation. VC, as a vital financing channel, entrepreneurial companies provide a large amount of financial support and professional guidance, affects the strategic decisions of the enterprise investment. Therefore, this paper introduces VC as an external adjustment variable. After intervention VC enterprises, study on the social responsibility of the enterprise investment strategy and innovative decision-making influence. It expands the theoretical research on the influence mechanism of VC.
2. Theoretical Basis and Hypothesis Proposed
2.1. CSR and Firm Innovation
The concept of innovation was first proposed by Schumpeter, an Austrian-American economist, in 1912 [
41]. In his book Theory of Economic Development, Schumpeter believed that innovation was the root of modern economic growth. The technological innovation process of enterprises mainly includes five situations [
42]:
The introduction of a new product;
The adoption of a new production process;
The opening up of a new market;
The obtaining of a new source of supply of raw material or semi-finished product;
The realization of a new model of enterprise production organization.
Technological innovation is one of the critical sources of the core competitiveness of enterprises. Technological innovation determines the survival, comparative advantage, market value, and investment return of enterprises [
43,
44]. However, technological innovation depends on a large amount of capital and human input, and external resources are crucial for enterprise technological innovation at this time [
44].
Since Sheldon put forward in 1924 the concept of social responsibility, there has been no interruption in this field [
45]. Carroll later divided CSR into economic responsibility, legal responsibility, ethical responsibility, and public welfare responsibility for the first time [
46]. His hierarchical research on CSR made the research on CSR more diversified.
CSR is the commitment of a company to sustainable development. CSR requires the company to understand and pay attention to the needs of stakeholders, including shareholders, employees, government, communities, consumers, and other relevant interest groups [
47,
48] to achieve the harmonious coexistence of all stakeholders [
49].
Performing social responsibility can bring various heterogeneous resources and information needed by enterprises for innovation [
44]. Stakeholder theory [
50] believes that the development of any company cannot be separated from the input or participation of stakeholders, so enterprises must establish a good relationship with stakeholders in order to achieve long-term development [
51]. When an enterprise performs its social responsibility, it will consider all stakeholders’ needs except shareholders, including establishing good relations with suppliers and producing goods that meet consumer needs [
52]. Furthermore, it establishes a closer relationship and trust with external stakeholders [
53]. When enterprises undertake social responsibilities, they establish deep trust with external stakeholders, bringing knowledge resources and various cooperation opportunities for enterprises [
54,
55]. When making technological innovations, enterprises are most concerned about whether the market will accept the new products that have been updated and reformed or innovated. Therefore, enterprises need to obtain information about market demand through consumers, and only the innovation accepted by the market is meaningful. For example, the “Thor” game notebook launched by Haier was developed through communication with “Thunder fans” (consumers) to understand their needs, and finally successfully launched into the market. In addition, enterprises need to rely on the support of employees in carrying out innovation activities, including technical guidance from technical personnel and active cooperation from production personnel. Enterprises may need to rely on suppliers for joint development. For example, Foton began implementing product innovation in supplier invention in new product development (SINPD). It reduces the design cost, shortens the development cycle, and speeds up the development speed of new products.
According to the resource-dependent theory, enterprises need to obtain resources in the external environment to maintain their survival. In the era of the knowledge economy, internal and external knowledge resources are very important for the development of enterprises. Hewitt-Dundas pointed out that enterprise innovation policies should focus on minimizing development risks and increasing the acquisition of professional knowledge [
56]. Enterprise innovation needs to integrate internal and external creative ideas and innovative information and transform them into identifiable results with specific technical means. The realization of this process is closely related to the accumulation of enterprises’ knowledge and resources that can be obtained from outside. By fulfilling CSR, enterprises meet stakeholder expectations, which is conducive to establishing a good relationship between enterprises and stakeholders, and help enterprises obtain various resources and information needed for innovation [
57]. Meanwhile, based on knowledge-based theory, Luo and Du concluded that companies with more social responsibility activities show higher innovation ability and launch more new products. The competitiveness of enterprises considers performance, quality, productivity, and image and pays more attention to innovation processes, products, and services [
58]. Consequently, we formulate the following hypothesis:
Hypothesis 1 (H1). There is a positive relationship between CSR and technological innovation.
2.2. CSR, VC and Firm Innovation
VC participates in corporate governance activities in the form of financial investment and provides value-added services (financial financing and professional guidance) to enterprises [
33,
34,
35,
37,
59,
60]. The ultimate goal is to exit through stock market listing, merger, and acquisition or other equity transfer methods after the enterprise value increases and to earn excess investment returns [
38,
40,
61]. It can be seen that in addition to improving the operating performance of start-ups through value-added services, VC also takes advantage of start-ups [
62]. It is reflected in earnings management level, cash dividend distribution, and R&D manipulation behavior of invested enterprises after IPO [
63,
64].
On the one hand, VC institutions have short-term speculative arbitrage motives. VC generally invests in high-risk and high-growth enterprises, focusing on whether the project can get a higher return on investment in a relatively short period, which inevitably leads to the short-sightedness and speculative behavior of VC [
65,
66]. At the same time, VC focuses too much on short-term excess returns and a good “market reputation”. It may ignore the demands of stakeholders, and believe that the fulfillment of social responsibility by enterprises is a kind of burden behavior of value destruction, which not only requires enterprises to bear direct costs but also may lose opportunity costs, leading to enterprises in a competitive disadvantage and thus bringing investment risks to VC institutions [
67]. It can be seen that the short-term speculative behavior of VC runs counter to the long-term value investment concept of social responsibility. Such behavior leads to VC institutions often finding it difficult to have the willingness and requirements to support enterprises to fulfill their social responsibility.
On the other hand, VC institutions can intervene in the strategic decision-making of enterprises. Due to start-ups’ high intangible asset characteristics, it is difficult for them to obtain the funds needed for development through other channels [
18,
68]. The lack of alternative funding at a make-or-break moment is bound to aggravate the dependence of start-ups on VC funds. In order to obtain the support of VC funds in stages, start-ups may give up management autonomy and projects with uncertain returns in exchange for continuous support from VC institutions [
18,
40,
69]. As a form of equity financing, VC institutions not only provide financial support for enterprises but also send directors to the board of directors of start-up enterprises to participate in the formulation of major strategies of the company and supervise the daily work of the company’s management team [
69,
70]. When supervising enterprises to make strategic decisions, institutional investors usually have little motivation to promote those management decisions with non-economic benefits, or even some constraints, to restrain the external effects brought by non-economic behaviors [
40,
71,
72,
73].
As a result, this paper believes that VC is short-sighted and motivated by speculation. It also seeks to intervene in the decision-making of enterprises for its benefit. These properties of VC institutions will affect the fulfillment of CSR while inhibiting the innovation of enterprises.
Based on the above analysis, we formulate the following hypothesis:
Hypothesis 2 (H2). VC weakens the role of social responsibility fulfillment and firm innovation promotion.
2.3. CSR, VC Ratio and Firm Innovation
The shareholding ratio of VC institutions in small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) represents the degree to which VC institutions can participate in business decision-making. The level of shareholding ratio not only affects the amount of resources invested by VC institutions in the business organization, but also determines the willingness and degree of participation of VC institutions in the operation and management.
According to the theory of management discretion, the degree of management discretion is jointly determined by individual, organizational, and environmental factors, and powerful stakeholders may affect the discretion of management. Therefore, when the shareholding ratio of VC is relatively high, as a powerful stakeholder, it is very likely to influence the innovation investment decision of management in alignment with its own objectives. VC institutions invest in business organizations, whose primary purpose is to obtain a high return on investment within a short period of time, which is likely to stimulate the short-term innovation investment of business organizations. However, the innovation investment strategy under CSR is more related to products and services with social purposes, which often relate to the long-term development. Therefore, there exists an inherent conflict with the short-term investment objective of VC institutions. VC institutions may interfere with the discretion of the management, so that the long-term innovation investment plan driven by CSR is shelved, and then the long-term innovation investment behavior guided by CSR is inhibited.
Based on the above analysis, we formulate the following hypothesis:
Hypothesis 3 (H3). The higher the shareholding ratio of VC, the weaker the promoting effect of social responsibility fulfillment on business organization innovation.
Our framework of this paper is shown in
Figure 1.
6. Research Conclusions and Implications
We use a sample of GEM listed companies to empirically test the relationship between CSR and corporate innovation. Following our regression analysis, we discuss the impact of different dimensions of CSR on corporate innovation. We find that CSR significantly improves the R&D investment level of high-growth business organizations, and the dimensions of shareholder responsibility and employee responsibility in social responsibility have a significant promoting effect on technological innovation. In addition, the introduction of VC will inhibit the promotion effect of CSR on R&D investment.
Considering the importance of innovation to the Chinese and the global economy, entrepreneurial business organizations should pay attention to the fulfillment of their social responsibilities. Good performance of social responsibility can not only help business organizations to establish a good brand effect, but also to better conduct innovation activities to gain competitive advantages. In addition, the management of VC institutions should be strengthened, the short-sighted behavior of VC institutions should be reduced, and the joint force between VC and the fulfillment of CSR should be formed, so as to jointly promote the innovation of business organizations and thus promote the innovation construction of the country. China association of securities investment funds in 2018. For example, the Green Investment Guidelines (Trial), announced on 11 November, proposed that the risk investment fund set up a green investment fund, and give priority to investment and environmental protection, energy conservation and clean energy-related business organizations and projects. If energy is higher than the average standard of business organization and project, the overall energy consumption should be reduced. It is of great significance to pay more attention to guide the risk investment of business organizations’ social innovation projects.