The Impacts of the Fourth Industrial Revolution on Smart and Sustainable Cities
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Smart Cities
3. Sustainable Cities
4. Fourth Industrial Revolution
5. Methodology
6. Results and Discussion
7. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Authors | Year of Publication | Concept |
---|---|---|
[22] | 2004 | A smart city is a city that uses technology to guarantee citizens access to services and allow them to keep in touch with their surroundings in a simple and cheap way. |
[20] | 2010 | Smart cities aim to optimize the infrastructure and logistical operations of cities from the communications and sensor capacities, thereby improving the quality of life for everyone. |
[38] | 2010 | “What makes a “smart city” smart is the combined use of software systems, server infrastructure, network infrastructure, and client devices—which Forrester calls Smart Computing technologies—to better connect seven critical city infrastructure components and services: city administration, education, healthcare, public safety, real estate, transportation, and utilities.” p. 1 |
[21] | 2010 | A city “connecting the physical infrastructure, the information-technology infrastructure, the social infrastructure, and the business infrastructure to leverage the collective intelligence of the city” p. 2 |
[24] | 2012 | “Smart Cities base their strategy on the use of information and communication technologies in several fields such as economy, environment, mobility and governance to transform the city infrastructure and services”. p.135 |
[39] | 2012 | “A smart city is understood as a certain intellectual ability that addresses several innovative socio-technical and socio-economic aspects of growth. These aspects lead to smart city conceptions as “green” referring to urban infrastructure for environment protection and reduction of CO2 emission, “interconnected” related to revolution of broadband economy, “intelligent” declaring the capacity to produce added value information from the processing of city’s real-time data from sensors and activators, whereas the terms “innovating”, “knowledge” cities interchangeably refer to the city’s ability to raise innovation based on knowledgeable and creative human capital”. p. 218 |
[40] | 2014 | Smart cities aim to optimize the infrastructure and logistical operations of cities from the communications and sensor capacities, thereby improving the quality of life for everyone. |
Authors | Year of Publication | Concept |
---|---|---|
[56] | 2011 | A sustainable city is one composed by a relation of several subsystems seeking to promote welfare for its population. |
[57] | 2015 | A sustainable city could be seen as a city that is able to meet the basic needs of their inhabitants, such as infrastructure, civic services, health and medical assistance, housing, education, transport, jobs, and good governance, with benefits to all sectors of society. |
[55] | 2016 | Sustainable cities are those which meet specific requirements and characteristics structured within efficient and sustainable policies. |
[58] | 2016 | A sustainable city must not only integrate methods to mitigate their effect on the environment, but also become a space which promotes a better quality of life for its citizens. |
[24] | 2016 | “Smart Cities base their strategy on the use of information and communication technologies in several fields such as economy, environment, mobility and governance to transform the city infrastructure and services”. p. 135 |
[59] | 2018 | Sustainable cities can be understood as a set of approaches for practically applying the knowledge of urban sustainability and related technologies to the planning and design of existing and new cities or districts. |
Technology Category | Main Ideas | Authors |
---|---|---|
Big Data and Data Analytics | Composed of characteristics called “V”s, such as volume, velocity, variety, and veracity, big data is a term that refers to the large growing data sets that are collected using digital communication devices from satellites to smart phone applications, which are stored in computer databases and ‘mined’ by computer advanced algorithms. | [78,79] |
Autonomous Robots | The progress of technology enables researchers to create advanced machines that can perform increasing numbers of tasks autonomously without human control or supervision. in this sense, intelligent autonomous systems operating in physical environments—the so-called autonomous robots which have long been used in manufacturing—are becoming more autonomous, flexible, and cooperative. | [39,80,81] |
Simulation | In the Industry 4.0 context, simulations will be used more extensively in plant operations to mirror the physical world in a virtual model, which can include machines, products, and humans, reducing the time of configuration of the machine, shortening downtime, reducing production failures, and increasing the quality and speed of decision-making. | [77,82] |
System Integration: Horizontal and Vertical System Integration | The technological breakthroughs behind the Industry 4.0 revolution require corporations to adapt their production mode with the aim of creating operational synergy and providing competitive advantages within the value chain production system. | [76] |
The Industrial Internet of Things | The main concept of the Internet of things (IoT) is to connect smart objects within cyber-physical systems, where objects will interact with each other and can be supervised remotely by users. With this in mind, a definition of the industrial Internet of things (IoT) may be the use of certain IoT technologies in an industrial setting or manufacturing for the promotion of goals distinctive to industry. | [83,84] |
Cybersecurity and Cyber-Physical Systems (CPS) | Cyber-physical systems (CPS) arise through devices for interaction between computing objects, people, and the physical environment, and they include systems such as smart grids. Enabled with the IoT, CPS help in the process of collecting, storing, and managing data. | [85,86] |
The Cloud | The integration between the IoT and the cloud with respect to the Industry 4.0 revolution can help in the unfolding of data management problems in a way that guarantees better accessibility and viability of the services. Cloud computing enables hosted services to be delivered more efficiently through a software development platform to process the large amount of data generated by the IoT. | [69,87,88] |
Additive Manufacturing | Additive layer fabrication is used to construct or assemble parts so that the product prototype can be available quickly and changed according to the customer’s needs. With the advances of the Fourth Industrial Revolution and increasing technological adaptation, the capacity of additive manufacturing has grown from the optimization of configurations. | [89] |
Augmented Reality | Through Industry 4.0, augmented reality has become one of the most exciting technologies to invest in due to the emerging concept of intelligent manufacturing, and it can be used as a support for maintenance operations. | [89] |
Keywords | Science Direct | Web of Science | Scopus |
---|---|---|---|
Sustainable Cities | 5.369 | 1.060 | 2.395 |
Smart Cities | 5.446 | 4.978 | 15.691 |
Smart Sustainable Cities | 73 | 38 | 87 |
Fourth Industrial Revolution | 822 | 610 | 917 |
Total Number of Articles Selected after Reading Titles and Abstracts | 35 | 43 | 27 |
Articles Selected for Analysis | 9 | 7 | 11 |
Total | 27 |
Technology Category | Main Ideas | Authors |
---|---|---|
Big Data and Data Analytics | Big data and data analytics (BDA) are applied in many different domains within smart cities. Big data analytics tools help analyze real data to enhance productivity and reduce the uncertainty in decision-making processes. It can be applied in the most diverse dimensions of cities and companies, such as manufacturing, pharmaceutical and health areas, transportation, governance, and energy. | [98,100,102,104] |
Autonomous Robots | Provision of public and personal services for citizens and the use of new tools, used by professionals for operating in urban settings. | [105,106] |
Simulation | Simulations are a powerful tool because, potentially, they provide the designers of the experiments full control over all the variables of the settings. Simulations are made in several aspects, and examples can be cited in the field of safety as a means to support decision-making during real emergencies. | [80,107] |
System Integration: Horizontal and Vertical System Integration | Through better operational synergy and competitive advantages, the technological advances resulting from the Industry 4.0 revolution allow the needs of an SSC to be better managed. | [83,84] |
The Industrial Internet of Things | The Internet of things (IoT) can be considered one of the main components in ICTs for SSCs as an approach to urban development, due to its great potential to promote sustainability in urban centers. The IoT is directly associated with big data and can be used in several sectors of city management, such as optimizing energetic efficiency and mitigating environmental problems, aside from working in areas such as waste management practices. The use of the IoT and big data can play an important role in catalyzing and improving sustainable development. | [59] |
Cybersecurity and Cyber Physical Systems (CPS) | Cybernetic physical systems (CPS) allow integration between computing objects and the environment, and they can be used in the implementation of SSC as facilitators of social well-being and to improve the quality of life of the population through better integration between systems. | [97,108] |
The Cloud | The cloud works as an efficient and economic tool to allow to the processing, management, and storage of data, contributing to SSCs having information on city management stored in a safe environment, allowing for better management of available resources. | [109,110,111] |
Additive Manufacturing | Additive manufacturing can contribute to the deployment of a smart and sustainable city, as it is possible to allow new consumption needs where products need to have lower environmental impacts. | [112,113,114] |
Augmented Reality | The use of augmented reality in the context of SSC implementation can happen in several ways to improve the quality of life in communities, providing better inclusion for disabled people and creative solutions such as wearable technologies to help the population’s consumption needs. | [13,115,116,117,118,119,120] |
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do Livramento Gonçalves, G.; Leal Filho, W.; da Silva Neiva, S.; Borchardt Deggau, A.; de Oliveira Veras, M.; Ceci, F.; Andrade de Lima, M.; Salgueirinho Osório de Andrade Guerra, J.B. The Impacts of the Fourth Industrial Revolution on Smart and Sustainable Cities. Sustainability 2021, 13, 7165. https://doi.org/10.3390/su13137165
do Livramento Gonçalves G, Leal Filho W, da Silva Neiva S, Borchardt Deggau A, de Oliveira Veras M, Ceci F, Andrade de Lima M, Salgueirinho Osório de Andrade Guerra JB. The Impacts of the Fourth Industrial Revolution on Smart and Sustainable Cities. Sustainability. 2021; 13(13):7165. https://doi.org/10.3390/su13137165
Chicago/Turabian Styledo Livramento Gonçalves, Gabrielli, Walter Leal Filho, Samara da Silva Neiva, André Borchardt Deggau, Manoela de Oliveira Veras, Flávio Ceci, Maurício Andrade de Lima, and José Baltazar Salgueirinho Osório de Andrade Guerra. 2021. "The Impacts of the Fourth Industrial Revolution on Smart and Sustainable Cities" Sustainability 13, no. 13: 7165. https://doi.org/10.3390/su13137165