Spreading of Food Deserts in Time and Space: The Case of the City of Nitra (Slovakia)
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Data and Methods
3. Study Area
- (1)
- Traditional grocery and convenience stores from the socialist period that “survived” the transformation in the tumultuous 1990s and have a long tradition despite the socialist past. They have successfully implemented both new marketing strategies and a “commemorative sentiment”. From the point of view of site theory, this group of shops used both the “city cent” rule and the “proximity to the consumer” rule.
- (2)
- New large-scale food stores of the multinational foreign trade chains Tesco (Welwyn Garden City, Great Britain), Billa (Wiener Neudorf, Austria), Lidl (Neckarsulm, Germany) and Kaufland (Neckarsulm, Germany). They built their sales points on a “greenfield” site when they implemented location strategies for proximity to the consumer and favorable accessibility to Class I and Class II roads.
- (3)
- Restored small-scale stores with many of them reflecting modern nutritional trends (with an emphasis on ecology and bioproducts). They are created by the process of so-called “small brownfield developments” in the city center in older buildings. They began to emerge again after 2010, when customers became saturated and gradually overwhelmed with visits to large shopping malls in the suburbs. This trend to fill the gap in the shopping possibilities of inhabited parts of urban areas can be observed to this day.
4. Survey Results
4.1. Accessibility Food Retail Network
4.2. Food Deserts
5. Discussion
6. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
- Trembošová, M.; Dubcová, A.; Nagyová, Ľ.; Cagáňová, D. Development of retail network on the example of three regional towns comparison in West Slovakia. Wirel. Netw. 2020, 26, 1–11. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Guy, C.; Clarke, G.; Eyre, H. Food retail change and the growth of food deserts: A case study of Cardiff. Int. J. Retail. Distrib. Manag. 2004, 32, 72–88. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Cummins, S.; Macintyre, S. “Food deserts” evidence and assumption in health policy making. BMJ 2002, 325, 436–438. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Apparicio, P.; Cloutier, M.S.; Shearmur, R. The case of Montreal’s missing food deserts: Evaluation of accessibility to food supermarkets. Int. J. Health Geogr. 2007, 6, 4. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
- Jiao, J.; Moudon, A.V.; Ulmer, J.; Hurvitz, P.M.; Drewnowski, A. How to identify food deserts: Measuring physical and economic access to supermarkets in King County, Washington. Am. J. Public Health 2012, 102, e32–e39. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Gregory, D.; Johnston, R.; Pratt, G.; Watts, M.J. The Dictionary of Human Geography, 5th ed.; Wiley-Blackwel: West Sussex, UK, 2009. [Google Scholar]
- Beaulac, J.; Kristjansson, E.; Cummins, S. A systematic review of food deserts, 1966–2007. Prev. Chronic Dis. 2009, 6, 105. [Google Scholar]
- Križan, F.; Bilková, K.; Kita, P.; Horňák, M. Potential food deserts and food oases in a post-communist city: Access, quality, variability and price of food in Bratislava-Petržalka. Appl. Geogr. 2015, 62, 8–18. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Wiśniewski, S. Dostepność mieszkańców województwa Łódzkiego do sklepów wielkopowierzchniowych. Acta Univ. Lodz. Folia Geogr. Socio Oeconomica 2016, 23, 25–38. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Widener, M.J. Spatial access to food: Retiring the food desert metaphor. Physiol. Behav. 2018, 193, 257–260. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Furey, S.; Farley, H.; Strugnell, C.H. An investigation into the availability and economic accessibility of food items in rural and urban areas of Northern Ireland. Int. J. Consum. Stud. 2002, 26, 313–321. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Shaw, H. “Food Deserts” Depriving Towns of Fresh Fruit and Vegetables; Hickman, M., Ed.; The Independent Print Ltd.: London, UK, 2007. [Google Scholar]
- Fertaľová, J.; Szczyrba, Z. Globalization in Czech and Slovak retail: Common and specific features. In Globalization and Its Impact on Society, Regions and States; Baar, V., Ed.; University of Ostrava: Ostrava, Czech Republic, 2006; pp. 164–172. [Google Scholar]
- Križan, F.; Tolmáči, L.; Lauko, V. Identification of food deserts in Bratislava city by application of accessibility measures. J. Econ. 2008, 56, 959–972. [Google Scholar]
- Spilková, J.; Syrovátková, M.; Šifta, M.; Strnadel, Š.; Vágner, J.; Fialová, D. Alternativní Potravinové Sítě: Česká Cesta, 1st ed.; Karolinum: Praha, Czech Republic, 2016; pp. 72–73. [Google Scholar]
- Trembošová, M.; Vlačuhová, V.; Jakab, I. Accessibility of retail stores in the Nitra self-governing region. In 20. Mezinárodní Kolokvium o Regionálnych Vědách; Masarykova Univerzita: Brno, Czech Republic, 2017; pp. 582–589. [Google Scholar]
- Inagami, S.; Cohen, D.A.; Finch, B.K.; Asch, S.M. You are where you shop: Grocery store location, weight and neighborhoods. Am. J. Prev. Med. 2006, 31, 10–17. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Russel, S.E.; Heidkamp, C.P. “Food desertification”: The loss of a major supermarket in New Haven, Connecticut. Appl. Geogr. 2011, 31, 1197–1209. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Charreire, H.; Casey, R.; Salze, P.; Simon, C.; Chaix, B.; Banos, A.; Badariotti, D.; Weber, C.; Oppert, J.M. Measuring the food environment using geographical information systems: A methodological review. Public Health Nutr. 2010, 13, 1773–1785. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Bilková, K.; Križan, F.; Horňák, M.; Barlík, P.; Kita, P. Comparing two distance measures in the spatial mapping of food deserts: The case of Petržalka, Slovakia. Morav. Geogr. Rep. 2015, 5, 95–103. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Widener, M.J.; Farber, T.; Tijs, N.; Horner, M. Spatiotemporal accessibility to supermarkets using public transit: An interaction potential approach in Cincinnati, Ohio. J. Transp. Geogr. 2015, 42, 72–83. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Helbich, M.; Schadenberg, B.; Hagenauer, J.; Poelman, M. Food deserts? Healthy food access in Amsterdam. Appl. Geogr. 2017, 83, 1–12. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Wagner, J.; Hinton, L.; McCordic, C.; Owour, S.; Capron, G.; Arellano, S.G. Do Urban Food Deserts Exist in the Global South? An Analysis of Nairobi and Mexico City. Sustainability 2019, 11, 1963. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Lamb, K.; Thorton, L.E.; Cerin, E.; Ball, K. Statistical approaches used to assess the equity of access to food outlets: A systematic review. AIMS Public Health 2015, 2, 358–401. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
- Wang, H.; Tao, L.; Qiu, F.; Lu, W. The role of socio-economic status and spatial effects on fresh food access: Two case studies in Canada. Appl. Geogr. 2016, 67, 27–38. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Spilková, J. Geografie Maloobchodu a Spotřeby: Věda o Nakupování, 1st ed.; Karolinum: Praha, Czech Republic, 2012; p. 32. [Google Scholar]
- QGIS. QGIS Geographic Information System. QGIS Association. Available online: http://www.qgis.org (accessed on 10 January 2021).
- Minn, M.; QGIS. Describes Use of MMQGIS, a Set of Python Vector Map Layer Plugins for Quantum GIS. 2021. Available online: http://michaelminn.com (accessed on 16 May 2021).
- GRASS Development Team: Geographic Resources Analysis Support System (GRASS) Software, Version 7.8.0. Open Source Geospatial, Foundation. Available online: http://grass.osgeo.org (accessed on 12 February 2021).
- Moore, L.V.; Roux, A.V.; Brines, S. Comparing perception-based and geographic information system (GIS)-based characterizations of the local food environment. J. Urban Health 2008, 85, 206–216. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
- Guagliardo, M.F. Spatial accessibility of primary care: Concepts, methods and challenges. Int. J. Health Geogr. 2004, 3, 1–3. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
- Goliszek, S. Udział transportu zbiorowego w poprawie dostępności do usług w Gdyni. Pr. Kom. Geogr. Komun. PTG 2017, 20, 36–49. [Google Scholar]
- Goliszek, S.; Połom, M.; Duma, P. Potential and cumulative accessibility of workplaces by public transport in Szczecin. Bull. Geogr. Socio Econ. Ser. 2020, 50, 133–146. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Openstreetmap. Available online: https://www.openstreetmap.org (accessed on 12 February 2021).
- Cushon, J.; Creighton, T.; Kershaw, T.; Marko, J.; Markham, T. Deprivation and food access and balance in Saskatoon, Saskatchewan. Chronic Dis. Inj. Can. 2013, 33, 146–159. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Apparicio, P.; Abdelmajid, M.; Riva, M.; Shearmur, R. Comparing alternative approaches to measuring the geographical accessibility of urban health services: Distance types and aggregation-error issues. Int. J. Health Geogr. 2008, 7, 1–14. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
- Statistical Office of the Slovak Republic. Available online: http://datacube.statistics.sk/#!/view/sk/VBD_DEM/om7008rr/v_om7008rr_00_00_00_sk (accessed on 20 May 2021).
- Buček, J.; Bleha, B. Urban Shrinkage as a Challenge to Local Development Planning in Slovakia. Morav. Geogr. Rep. 2013, 21, 2–15. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Haase, A.; Rink, D.; Grossmann, K. Shrinking Cities in Post-socialist Europe: What Can We Learn From Their Analysis for Theory Building Today. Geogr. Ann. Ser. B Hum. Geogr. 2016, 98, 305–319. [Google Scholar]
- Lu, W.; Qiu, W. Do food deserts exist in Calgary, Canada? Can. Geogr. 2015, 59, 267–282. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Zenk, S.; Schulz, A.; Israel, B.; James, S.; Bao, S.; Wilson, M. Neighborhood racial composition, neighborhood poverty and the spatial accessibility of supermarkets in metropolitan Detroit. Am. J. Public Health 2005, 95, 660–667. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Huddleston, P.; Whipple, J.; Natick, R.J.; Lee, S.J. Customer satisfaction in food retailing: Comparing specialty and conventional grocery stores. Int. J. Retail. Distrib. Manag. 2009, 37, 63–80. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Battersby, J. The Food Desert as a Concept and Policy Tool in African Cities: An Opportunity and a Risk. Sustainability 2019, 11, 458. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Chen, X.; Clark, J. Measuring space-time access to food retailers: A case of temporal access disparity in Franklin county, Ohio. Prof. Geogr. 2016, 68, 175–188. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Granath, H. Gentrifiering Bortom Staden: En Undersökning av ett Fiskeläge Statt i Förändring; Lunds Universitet: Lund, Sweden, 2014; pp. 49–71. Available online: https://lup.lub.lu.se/luur/download?func=downloadFile&recordOId=8875150&fileOId=8877184 (accessed on 21 April 2021).
- Featherstone, M. Consumer Culture and Postmodernism, 2nd ed.; SAGE Publications Ltd.: London, UK, 2007; pp. 51–52. Available online: https://books.google.sk/books?hl=sk&lr=&id=czfeN2hV6xIC&oi=fnd&pg=PR7&dq=/ (accessed on 21 April 2021).
- Trembošová, M.; Dubcová, A. Vývoj maloobchodu v Nitre v nových trhových podmienkach. Acta Geogr. Univ. Comen. 2013, 57, 213–230. [Google Scholar]
- Trembošová, M.; Dubcová, A.; Kramáreková, H. Consumer shopping behaviour in the Nitra city. In International Scientific Days 2016: The Agri-Food Value Chain: Challenges for Natural Resources Management and Society; SPU: Nitra, Slovakia, 2016; pp. 836–849. [Google Scholar]
Ageing Index in % | Average Age | Pensioners Share in % | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
2008 | 2019 | 2008 | 2019 | 2008 | 2019 | |
Nitra | 90.70 | 134.4 | 39.26 | 42.94 | 11.81 | 19.33 |
Slovakia | 78.26 | 104.8 | 38.25 | 41.06 | 12.09 | 16.58 |
Territorial Technical Unit (TTU) | Area TTU (ha) | Built-Up Area (ha) | Area (ha) of Food Deserts | Food Desert/Built-Up Area % | I/D % | Inhabitants in Food Desert | I/D % | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
2008/19 | 2008 | 2019 | 2008 | 2019 | 2008 | 2019 | 2008 | 2019 | |||
D. Krškany I | 1083.32 | 125.89 | 130.73 | 22.55 | 64.21 | 17.91 | 49.12 | +31.21 | 311 | 1011 | +225 |
D. Krškany II | 63.45 | 10.45 | 18.58 | 3.13 | 6.73 | 29.95 | 36.22 | +6.27 | 28 | 39 | +39 |
H. Krškany | 567.41 | 35.48 | 43.74 | 28.56 | 5.60 | 80.50 | 12.8 | −67.7 | 1051 | 371 | −65 |
Dražovce | 1344.01 | 22.45 | 89.94 | 15.40 | 16.34 | 67.35 | 18.17 | −49.18 | 217 | 246 | +13 |
Zobor | 863.32 | 182.63 | 141.63 | 30.30 | 31.16 | 16.50 | 22.10 | +5.51 | 971 | 981 | +1 |
Nitra I | 970.69 | 61.69 | 119.37 | 11.83 | 12.67 | 19.18 | 10.63 | −8.55 | 388 | 295 | −24 |
Nitra II | 1349.41 | 29.46 | 114.40 | 17.20 | 75.84 | 57.77 | 66.29 | +8.52 | 697 | 769 | +10 |
Mlynárce | 531.21 | 31.23 | 43.42 | 10.30 | 0.42 | 32.12 | 0.97 | −31.15 | 11 | 57 | +418 |
Kynek | 441.97 | 18.73 | 44.81 | 18.27 | 34.37 | 97.54 | 76.70 | −20.84 | 658 | 517 | −21 |
Chrenová | 901.08 | 79.35 | 123.31 | 14.64 | 21.63 | 18.45 | 17.54 | −0.91 | 142 | 392 | +176 |
V. Janíkovce | 1896.82 | 63.20 | 80.38 | 4.83 | 27.93 | 7.64 | 34.75 | +27.11 | 128 | 1024 | +700 |
Nitra | 10012.69 | 660.56 | 950.31 | 175.9 | 296.84 | 26.63 | 31.24 | +4.61 | 4602 | 5702 | +23.9 |
Year | Min. | Max | Range | Mean | Mean of Absolute Values | Standard Deviation | Variance |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
2008 | 0 | 4411 | 4411 | 659.855 | 659.855 | 542.301 | 294090 |
2019 | 0 | 4455 | 4455 | 800.955 | 800.955 | 652.153 | 425303 |
Variation coefficient | Sum | 1st quartile | Median | 3rd quartile | 90th percentile | ||
2008 | 82.1848% | 317885287 | 275 | 504 | 859 | 1473 | |
2019 | 81.4219% | 454728023 | 331 | 623 | 1045 | 1712 |
Publisher’s Note: MDPI stays neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations. |
© 2021 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).
Share and Cite
Trembošová, M.; Jakab, I. Spreading of Food Deserts in Time and Space: The Case of the City of Nitra (Slovakia). Sustainability 2021, 13, 7138. https://doi.org/10.3390/su13137138
Trembošová M, Jakab I. Spreading of Food Deserts in Time and Space: The Case of the City of Nitra (Slovakia). Sustainability. 2021; 13(13):7138. https://doi.org/10.3390/su13137138
Chicago/Turabian StyleTrembošová, Miroslava, and Imrich Jakab. 2021. "Spreading of Food Deserts in Time and Space: The Case of the City of Nitra (Slovakia)" Sustainability 13, no. 13: 7138. https://doi.org/10.3390/su13137138